Theoretical Foundations of Nursing:
Nursing can be described as a science and practice that enlarges adaptive capabilities and improves the transformation of an individual and the environment. This profession focuses on promoting health, improving the quality of life, and facilitating dying with dignity. The nursing profession has certain theoretical foundations that govern the nurses in promoting adaptation for individuals and groups. These theoretical foundations include theories, theory integration, reflection, research and practice, and assimilation.
Grand Nursing Theory:
There are several grand nursing theories that were developed by various theorists including the Science of Unitary Human Beings by Martha Rogers, Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model, and Systems Model by Betty Neuman. Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model is based on the consideration of the human being as an open system. She argues that the system reacts to environmental stimuli via cognator and regulator coping techniques for individuals. On the other hand, the stabilizer and innovator control mechanisms are the means with which the system responds to environmental stimuli for groups (George, 2009).
Sister Callista Roy developed this grand nursing theory while she was a graduate student at the University of California -- Los Angeles. The major factor that prompted her to develop this theory was the challenge she received to build a conceptual nursing model by Dorothy Johnson in a seminar. During this process, she examined Harry Helson's adaptation theory and obtained concepts from Seyle and Lazarus. The development of the adaptation model was also influenced by her 17-year work with the faculty at St. Mary's College in Los Angeles, where it became the framework for a nursing-based integrated curriculum.
One of the central values and beliefs established by the theorist is that nursing focuses on transforming stimuli or fostering adaptive procedures to lead to adaptive behaviors. In essence, nursing practice focuses on promoting adaptation for individuals and groups throughout the four adaptive modes in order to improve health, enhance quality of life, and contribute to dying with dignity ("The Roy Adaptation Model," 2013). Secondly, this model presents an individual as a holistic adaptive system that constantly interacts with both the internal and external environments. As nursing focuses on promoting successful adaptation, the major responsibility of the human system is to maintain integrity when faced with environmental stimuli.
Roy's Adaptation Model is adequate and useful for nursing education since it incorporates the four metaparadigm concepts. Its use in nursing education is evident in its integration as a framework for nursing-based curriculum. The person metaparadigm is included in the model through its definition of the human system while environment is included through consideration of environmental stimuli. The concept also defines health and states the major goal of nursing practice in relation to individuals and groups. However, this model can be more useful in nursing practice because it enables the nurse to follow the six stages in the nursing process (Masters, 2011).
Nursing Theory and Recommendations for the Future of Nursing:
The Institute of Medicine recently published a report on the future of health care in the United States. One of the major concepts highlighted in the report is the critical role nurses will have in that future with regards to promoting safe, quality care, and coverage for every patient in the health care system ("IOM Recommendations," 2011). The basis for these recommendations includes the need for nurses to practice to the total extent of their education and training and need for improved education system to facilitate seamless academic progression.
The other factors are need for improved data collection and information infrastructure and fostering partnerships between nurses and other health care professionals.
Since nursing theory has usually played an important role in nursing practice, it will play a crucial role in supporting IOM recommendations for the future of nursing. However, the role of nursing theory in the future of nursing will require further theoretical development, which will be fueled with the needs of the population. Further theoretical development in the nursing field will also be characterized with attempts to meet the needs of patients from an interdisciplinary and integrative measure of perspective (Meleis, 1995, p.112). In order to support IOM recommendations, the nursing profession will be based on phenomenon-driven theories.
Nursing theory can support the future of nursing through focusing on three major areas, which are the basis for IOM recommendations i.e. education, research, and practice. Under education, nursing theory should offer a general emphasis for designing curriculum and directing curricular decision-making. In research, nursing theory should provide the basis for producing knowledge and new ideas, facilitate the identification of knowledge...
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