¶ … Suitable P-Value for a Clinical Trial
Statistical testing to determine whether results are significant is extremely useful in all types of research. In most cases, where a significant level, or p-value, is being chosen, a p-value of .05 is deemed to be sufficiently accurate. However, while this may be suitable for many types of research, it may be argued that in clinical trials from drugs, a lower p value may be more appropriate, due to the nature of the research. To understand this, it is necessary to understand what the p-value is, what it signifies.
The p value gives a probability, but is easy to misunderstand, as it indicates the level of support for the null hypothesis, with the probability level used to determine whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis. The p-value provides the probability of gaining an effect at the same level if the null hypothesis is true (Cowen, 1997). For example, if undertaking a basic hypothesis that there are at least twenty sweets in a packet of M&M's, with a null hypothesis that there are not twenty sweets in a packet, and the p-value is 0.4, this would mean there is only a 4% chance of the null hypothesis being true in that...
statistical analyses used. List the statistical procedures used to describe the sample. Power analysis was used in order to discover power of effect. The power was set to 0.8 with a significant level of 0.05. Differences between the intervention and the control group were tested with Pearson's Chi. A t-test was used for the other perimeters. ANCOVA was used for testing changes between the two groups over time. Was the level of
Many patrons tip based on how quickly their food is delivered, and if it is hot or not, how it tastes, did it meet the patrons' expectations or not for this specific type of food, what is the frequency of the patrons' dining on this specific type of food. There are also an entire series of attitudinal questions regarding why this specific restaurant was chosen, and these could range from
The Type 1 error refers to rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. The Type 2 error is when one rejects the alternative hypothesis even though it is true. 3. Parametric and non-parametric tests Parametric tests usually deal with samples that have a normal distribution and that are measured with means and standard deviations. T-tests and ANOVA are examples of this comparing one group against another. The Pearson would be
The fourth step is to perform the relevant statistical test and acquire a test statistic along with its p or probability value (Iyanaga & Kawada, 1980). The fifth and final step involves making a decision to reject or not reject the null hypothesis based on the test statistic. If the p value is less than the pre-determined level of significance, you would reject the null hypothesis (Voelz 2006). The role
An example of a business situation where the probability distribution may be utilized is a scenario where a manager attempts to predict employee retention. The statistical test would be a binary logistic regression analysis. The probability distribution is paramount to this example because it utilizes the dichotomous dependent variable of Yes/No (employee stays/employee quits). Independent variables that may be used to predict employee retention include education level, length of employment,
Statistical Analysis Reported in Two Journal Articles Research endeavors, albeit it clinical, empirical, descriptive, historical, or case study oriented, must at all times adhere to the rigors of effective or best-fit research practice. Without stringent controls placed on the area of investigation no research endeavor will advance any body of knowledge. To this end all research must be finely tuned and described as to intent or purpose, phenomenon to be
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now