¶ … Men are made, not born" encapsulates the principle that gender is socially constructed. Therefore, women are also made and not born. Gendered rituals and rites of passage inculcate the gender roles and norms in society. For example, Herdt's analysis of the gendered initiation rites in Papua New Guinea shows how superstition guides belief about gender. Moreover, a cross-cultural analysis reveals the arbitrariness of gender roles and norms. Gender is completely proscribed, as judgments are placed on children from the time they exist the womb until the moment they die. In "The Cultural Construction of Gender," the author shows how various rituals and rites of passage serve to define gender roles, norms, and personal identity, but that "the transition to womanhood is often part of a more subtle and continuous process of enculturation and socialization," (p. 160). Both men and women are "made, not born," but male control of rituals and rites of passage ensures that greater power and prestige are later conferred upon those labeled and designated as male.
While male dominance of public discourse would threaten to undermine the power of women to control the means, methods, and meanings of their being "made," there are some instances in which women can arbitrate their own identities. These situations are relatively rare, though. The qualities given to males in a society are usually more positive in tone and ultimate meaning than those given to females, which is why "throwing like a girl" and other derogatory comments are gendered. Yet progressive and evolving societies are consciously reconstructing gender norms and identities. As Gilmore points out in his analysis of machismo in Spain, and likewise with Santos's discussion of machismo in El Salvador, the very concept of "macho" is more complex than perhaps it once was or was once believed.
Part Two
1: Lynch
Lynch discusses the cross-cultural implications of the statement, "men are made, not born." Moreover, it is important that Lynch mentions intersex and other gender-defying categories...
Cross-Cultural Communication With increased competition being witnessed in many industries, Multinational companies are setting shop to new foreign markets as a way of increasing their profitability and remaining competitive. Many countries have liberalized their markets, and present advancement in technologies has made it easy for companies to open new branches in foreign markets. However, this also comes with it challenges, particularly relating to cross-cultural communication. Effective cross-cultural communication is very important
In that regard, fundamentally different interactions between the genders is one element of cultural practices that differs most substantially from national culture to culture and even among individuals of different ethnic or religious backgrounds within the dominant national culture. Typically, individuals of Muslim and Jewish religious traditions (and others) avoid any incidental or polite physical contact between members of the opposite gender, even though such gestures (like handshaking) might be
Cultural Analysis Activity 1 - Discuss the two societal cultures that you will use to develop your GLOBE Paper. Why these two? I will discuss the Germanic and Latin European Cultures. Each of these divergent cultural paradigms has had a strong effect upon globalism in the 21st century based on hundreds of years of influence in Europe and the New World as far back as the 1600s, and perhaps before. Both
Cross Cultural Mores and Values: Middle-Eastern Americans, South Asian-Americans and Native Americans No longer a melting pot but more like a salad bowl, the United States has always been a land of immigrants and its diverse demographic composition today is a reflection of this process. In fact, just one group, Native Americans, can be regarded as being the original inhabitants, but anthropologists argue that even these people likely migrated from other
Also reception of criticism and feedback is necessary since it contains information that can assist people to achieve the necessary goal. What is further important is that, by giving subordinates feedback will make them feel that they are part of the work process; consequently they fight back to complete the job systematically (Boddy, 2008). In my view this is the mainly sensible theory but its disadvantage is that every so often bosses
This would certainly be the case for any organization creating a virtual development team of engineers from Japan for example, which has a MAS score of 95, reporting to women in the U.S. Conversely the countries of Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands, with some of the lowest MAS scores, would find these working arrangements in a virtual team amendable and easily adapted to. Two additional measures included in the
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