According to Songchuan Chen’s essay, “An Information War Waged by Merchants and Missionaries at Canton: The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China, 1834-1839,” while the increased ability to disseminate mass printed materials had notable effects within Europe, it also had a substantive impact upon the ways in which Europeans interacted with foreigners. The Qing Dynasty in China met with considerable resistance when it attempted to create protective trade barriers to prevent the facilitation of opium trade between itself and Europe. Of course, this eventually resulted in the decisive military conflict, ending in a victory of British economic interests.
But even before that, the British engaged in a war for Chinese hearts and minds. As noted by Chen, in British thought and writing, it was assumed that the Chinese regarded the British as uncultured barbarians, although this was a highly schematic view of how the Chinese actually perceived the outside world. This resulted in the establishment of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China (1834-1839), a society which, of course, considered useful knowledge the type that would support a highly Eurocentric worldview. A good example of the perspective of the society was its attempt to “teach...
The Society framed the conflict between the Chinese leadership and the West as that of ignorance versus experience, rather than addressed the genuine potential security concerns of the Chinese.
It should be noted, however, that the Society did research the book market within China to better understand what the Chinese were actually reading, including the Yellow Calendar (a kind of almanac) and Collections of Useful Information (Chen 1715). The Qing Dynasty had placed a ban on all foreign publications and ultimately all material of the society had to be printed in Singapore. Regardless, the fact that the Qing had aggressively worked to prevent foreigners from gaining control over the hearts and minds of the populace through its regulation of the book trade highlights the extent to which it took the threat of European intellectual propaganda quite seriously. Chinese booksellers were likewise prohibited from disseminating books published by foreigners, which meant that the Society, despite its secular mission, was forced to adopt a similar method as European missionaries and personally disseminate copies of their material on a one-on-one basis. The fact that…
