Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by the production of abnormally thick and sticky mucus that can clog the airways and obstruct the pancreas and other organs. This life-shortening disease is most prevalent among people of European ancestry, with approximately 30,000 individuals affected in the United States alone (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, n.d.).
At the core of cystic fibrosis is a defect in the CFTR gene (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), which is responsible for producing a protein that regulates salt and water balance in cells. When this protein is defective, the result is the production of thick mucus that lacks fluidity (Ratjen & Dring, 2003). While over 1,000 mutations can lead to cystic fibrosis, the most common mutation, ?F508, accounts for about two-thirds of cases worldwide (Bobadilla et al., 2002).

Cystic fibrosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that an individual must inherit two defective CFTR genes, one from each parent, to develop the disease. Carriers of one copy of the mutated gene are generally asymptomatic but they have a 25% chance of passing the disease to their children if their partner is also a carrier (Welsh et al., 2001).

The symptoms of CF are diverse and impact numerous body systems. In the lungs, the thick mucus obstructs airways, leading to difficulty breathing, frequent lung infections, and reduced lung function over time. These persistent infections cause chronic inflammation and can lead to permanent lung damage and respiratory failure (Flume et al., 2009). People with CF often experience coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Beyond the respiratory system, CF can also cause gastrointestinal issues due to the blockage of pancreatic ducts by mucus. This blockage prevents digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines, resulting in malabsorption and malnutrition. Consequently, individuals with CF often struggle with poor weight gain and growth, as well as complications such as intestinal blockages and distended abdomen (Borowitz et al., 2009).

Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is typically done through newborn screening, sweat testing to measure the concentration of chloride, and genetic testing (Farrell et al., 2008). Treatment for CF has greatly improved over the past few decades, with the development of various therapies aimed at managing symptoms and prolonging the lives of those with the condition. These treatments include airway clearance techniques to help clear mucus, inhaled medications to thin mucus and fight infections, and enzyme supplements to aid in digestion (Mogayzel et al., 2013).

Advancements in medical research have led to the introduction of CFTR modulators, a ground-breaking class of drugs designed to correct the function of the defective CFTR protein. These medications have shown positive effects in improving lung function and quality of life for individuals with specific genetic mutations associated with CF (Ramsey et al., 2011).

Despite significant progress, cystic fibrosis remains incurable, and comprehensive care is required to manage the disease. Treatment regimens involve a multi-disciplinary approach, including respiratory therapists, dietitians, and specialists in pulmonary medicine and gastroenterology. People with CF must adhere to a demanding routine of therapies and frequent medical appointments to minimize complications and optimize their health (Sawicki & Sellers, 2012).

Living with cystic fibrosis involves continuous attention to respiratory and digestive health. One aspect of daily life that we haven't touched on yet is the need for individuals with CF to maintain rigorous infection control measures. Because their thick mucus can trap bacteria leading to serious infections, people with CF must be diligent in avoiding germs. They are often advised to stay away from others with CF, as they can share dangerous bacteria that may lead to worsening lung disease (Saiman et al., 2004).

Exercise is another critical component of managing CF. Regular physical activity helps to loosen mucus in the lungs, improve overall physical condition, and enhance lung capacity. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density because CF can lead to weakened bones due to malnutrition and chronic inflammation (Wilkes et al., 2009).

The psychological impact of cystic fibrosis is another important area that requires attention. The chronic nature of the disease, with its demanding treatment schedule and the potential for life-threatening complications, can be emotionally taxing for both individuals with CF and their family members. Mental health support through counseling or therapy is often necessary to help manage the stress, anxiety, and depression that can accompany the disease...…severe cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic fibrosis, 10(1), 54-61.
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Quittner, A. L., Buu, A., Messer, M. A., Modi, A. C., & Watrous, M. (2008). Development and validation of The Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire in the United States: a health-related quality-of-life measure for cystic fibrosis. Chest, 134(4), 920-928.
Ramsey, B. W., Davies, J., McElvaney, N. G., Tullis, E., Bell, S. C., D?evnek, P., ... & Rowe, S. M. (2011). A CFTR potentiator in patients with cystic fibrosis and the G551D mutation. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(18), 1663-1672.
Ratjen, F., & Dring, G. (2003). Cystic fibrosis. The Lancet, 361(9358), 681-689.
Saiman, L., Siegel, J., & Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Consensus Conference on Infection Control Participants. (2004). Infection control recommendations for patients with cystic fibrosis: microbiology, important pathogens, and infection control practices to prevent patient-to-patient transmission. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 25(5), 1-52.
Sawicki, G. S., & Sellers, D. E. (2012). Managing treatment complexity in cystic fibrosis: Challenges and opportunities. Pediatric Pulmonology, 47(6), 523-533.
Welsh, M. J., Ramsey, B. W.,…