In the older forms, people could live and work in relative independence if they disengaged from politics. Under a modern totalitarian government, people are completely and utterly dependent on, and submissive to, the rule and whims of a political party and its leaders. Older forms of such a government ruled by divine right, while the modern totalitarian state is ruled and run by a dictator who controls a political party. Examples of totalitarian governments are Germany under Adolph Hitler, the U.S.S.R. particularly under Joseph Stalin, the People's Republic of China under Mao Tse Tung, Italy under Benito Mussolini and Iraq under Saddan Hussein. The ruling party is the elite and the whole society is subjugated to a hierarchical order wherein an individual becomes responsible to another of a higher position of authority. All social groupings are either destroyed or subjected to the purposes of the ruling party and the state. Advanced science and industrial technology make the total subjection of the individual possible under this form or system of government. Its main features made possible by modern technology are the monopoly of mass communications, a secret-police mechanism, a monopoly of all effective weapons of destruction, and a centrally controlled economy. Those who run the various mass communications are required to be members of the ruling party who interpret policy and this interpretation is imposed on the media through censorship. Its secret policy mechanism uses theories and techniques of crime detection and modern psychology, terrorizes the population in more cruel ways than did earlier autocracies, employs certain institutions and devices, such as concentration camps, predetermined trials and public confessions. It possesses weapons like tanks, flamethrowers, and jet airplanes for the strong defense of its dictators against a revolution. And it exploits its population to make them dependent on government. The people cannot work without a permit or it may be withdrawn for refusing to work even under unjust or inhuman conditions (MSN Encarta). A parliamentary system of government, also called parliamentarism, has an executive branch, which is dependent on the direct or indirect support of Parliament (Labor Law Talk 2006). This support is expressed through a vote of confidence by Parliament. There is no clear or simple separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches of government but, instead, lays down the distinction between the power of the government and the head of state. The executive is usually a cabinet, headed by a prime minister viewed as the head of the government. The leader of the ruling party or group of parties in the Parliament, is often appointed as the prime minister. The head of state is only a ceremonial position, often occupied by a monarch or president with no politically divisive duties. He or she may have reserve powers during crisis to call for a convention or by constitutional rule but exercised only upon the advice and approval of the head of government. All parliamentary systems operate under a formal written constitution, have a number of parties within the system and establish the relationships between the central and the local governments. Parliamentarism or a parliamentary system of government is viewed...
Examples are the German Weimar Republic, the French Fourth Republic, Italy and Israel. The most popular and widespread parliamentary system is the Westminster System in Britain. The head of state enjoys considerable reserve powers, which are limited in practice by convention rather than constitutional rule. It differs from the parliamentary system outside Europe because of its voting system, called "first past the post (Labor Talk)."
For example, somebody with no knowledge of military jargon and technology may struggle with understanding how the military works. Systems theory allows that person to examine the linkages and structures within the military, and then to understand how those linkages and structures work towards the desired outcomes. This understanding comes on a broad level, and does not require the observer to understand the nuances of military jargon and technology. Systems
Freedom of Speech History of Case Gitlow v. New York Gitlow v.New York was a decision that was made by the supreme court of the United States on June 8, 1925 which ruled that the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States extended the reach of limitations of the federal government authority that that had been set in the First amendment. The specific provisions were protection of freedom of speech
II. Three Important Factors: According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) freedom of expression is the: 1. "Foundation of self-fulfillment" 2. "It's vital to the attainment and advancement of knowledge; and 3. "It's necessary to our system of self-government giving the American people a 'checking function' against government access and corruption. III. Oppression of Individual Expression: China is a country that Americans would not be able to stay in for long without feeling
To the extent the totality of circumstances suggest that possibility, even acceptance of the most nominal gratuities (i.e. A cup of coffee) is ethically inappropriate. Similarly, even where the gratuity involved is of nominal value and there is no potential misunderstanding on the part of the individual proffering an otherwise appropriate gratuity, there is the issue of creating the appearance or inference of an improper relationship from the perspective of
This is especially important in the context of the Broker Front Office Tool (BFOT) strategies aimed at streamlining attracting, selling to, and servicing indirect channel partners and resellers. This aspect of bringing the Voice of the Customer (VoC) into the transformation of it initiatives into channel-based strategies is even more difficult than evolving change management programs within the four walls of any organization. Bringing change to agents and the
The model consists of five phases: 1. Perception of the ethical problem 2. Description the situation and objective definition of the ethical issue 3. Identification of alternatives 4. Selection of an alternative 5. Resolution (Cooper, 2006). This model has been implemented successfully in both the public and private sectors. The goals of the model are to create a management team consisting of responsible individuals that promote high standards, ethical decision-making practices on behalf of their
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