Sociology Theories
Structural functionalism views society as a system composed of different parts that all work together to produce a stable, functioning social order. Each part of society is functional so long as it contributes to the overall stability the society. An image that would represent this theory is one of a machine with interlocking gears, as it conveys the idea that every part of society (like every gear) has a specific part to play (some bigger than others, some smallerbut all are important), and when each part functions as it should, the entire system operates smoothly. For example, social institutions (families, schools, government bodies) are like gears in the machine. The family unit supports its members, while educators ready them for the real world, and government bodies put out the laws to promote law and order. All of them contribute to the stable functioning of society.
A manifest function is the intended and recognized consequence of a social process. For example, the manifest function of a hospital is to provide healthcare. This function is clear, deliberate and has identifiable objectives that are understood by everyone in society. People who are sick go to the hospital to get well. A latent function is the unintended or unrecognized consequence of a social process. For example, a latent function of religion could be the formation of supportive friendships and networks among adherents. It may not be an explicit goal of churches or religious institutions, but this function is evident in the outcome of the fact that the church supports relationship building and community building. Both concepts fit with the image of interlocking gears, as each gear (social institution) has both manifest and latent functions. The manifest function of the hospital gear is to heal, while the latent function of the...
…as ideals or as guides for how to live.
The image of people in line to board a plane helps to explain the cultural concepts of norms and values, where waiting in line represents a normthe expectation of orderly behavior in public spaces. It also reflects the value of respect for other peoples time and space. This simple act of lining up shows how norms and values shape our daily lives. People follow these norms because they fit with the social values of people already know and understand.
Understanding these cultural concepts helps us to realize there are many ways to look at society and the systems that make up our lives. Sociological systems theories depend upon norms and values to some extent. This means that culture goes hand in hand with learning about sociology. Without culture, understanding theories of society will be impossible. The two really do go hand in glove…
