A number of young children with autism experience considerable communicative delays.
Peter (a pseudonym), a 5-year-old boy, diagnosed with autism and global developmental delay, had been diagnosed with autism at 3 years, 8 months (Reichle, Dropik, Alden-Anderson & Haley, 2008, Participants section, ¶ 1). Sessions for the study by Reichle, Dropik, Alden-Anderson & Haley occurred in Peter's home. The following expands on what happened during this study.
Peter's mother, younger sibling, and one or two staff persons moved freely in and out of this area during intervention sessions. Teaching requests for assistance occurred across three different functional activities that included opening a jar (Activity 1), opening a wrapper (Activity 2), and unfastening his pants (Activity 3). Peter's parents and intervention team identified these as activities that he could not perform independently. Interventionists implemented baseline and intervention procedures for the first two activities at a child's table or on the family room floor. The third activity was baselined and subsequently taught during routine toileting activity (Reichle, Dropik, Alden-Anderson & Haley, 2008, Activities and setting section, ¶ 1).
For each of the noted three activities, intervention consisted of two phases:
1. Traching Peter to request assistance followed by
2. teaching him to complete the task independently. (Ibid.)
In addition, the interventionists used a most-to-least response prompt hierarchy during the two phases. Stimulus prompts, structured as modified task difficulty, also taught the participant to open a jar and open a wrapper. Reichle, Dropik, Alden-Anderson and Haley (2008) assert that a young child with autism may learn to utilize requests for assistance conditionally. Even though Peter's mother rated the basic intervention acceptability and effectiveness to be high, results indicate that an interventionist cannot assume the child's obligatory utilization of requesting assistance will produce correct conditional use. After Peter acquired some initial skill in completing the task he was learning, the conditional use of requests occur ed.
In the study, "The usage and perceived outcomes of early intervention and early childhood programs for young children with autism spectrum disorder," Koro Hume, Scott Bellini and Cathy Pratt (2005), Indiana University in Bloomington, stress the value of early intervention (EI) and early childhood education (ECE) for young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD. Young children with autism may progress quicker than young children with other severe neurodevelopmental disorders, Hume, Bellini and Pratt assert. They purport that some early intervention strategies seem to reduce the debilitating impact of autism. They also note that when an intervention starts before the autistic child reaches 5, children with autism possess significantly better outcomes.
Play and imagination proves vital in social development, Lena Hoffman-Raap (2004), University of Canberra, explains in the article, "Peer play and the autism spectrum: The art of guiding children's socialization and imagination - integrated play groups field manual" / The Integrated Play Groups (IPG) model offers a structured system of support to promote participation in diverse play experiences that ultimately will permit children of differing ages and abilities on the autism spectrum to build up a sense of acceptance and belonging in their community (Hoffman-Raap, 2004, ¶ 2). The following four stages denote the IPG model for those involved with facilitating meaningful learning experiences for the young child on the autism spectrum, along with their typical peers.
1. embracing the spirit of play,
2. setting the stage for play,
3. observing children at play, and
4. guided participation in play. (Hoffman-Raap, 2004, ¶ 4)
Those children who received recreation therapy were perceived to reach greater social outcomes. The empirical evidence in this area, albeit, is scant. Across developmental areas, Hume, Bellini and Pratt (2005) found stronger relationships between service delivery methods and perceived outcomes. Parent training also significantly correlated with cognitive, emotional and social outcomes, as well as that overall quality of life for the child with autism (Hume, Bellini & Pratt, 2005, Reported outcomes…section, ¶ 3).
Conclusion
Considerations which materialized for contributing to a supportive environment for young children with autism, particularly for children from their...
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232). References Ashley, O.S., Brady, T.M., & Marsden, M.E. (2003). Effectiveness of substance abuse treatment programming for women: A review. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29(1), 19. Bradley, R.H., & Corwyn, R.F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 371. Dane, B. (2000). Child welfare workers: An innovative approach for interacting with secondary trauma. Journal of Social Work Education, 36(1), 27. Dodds, T.L. (2006). Defending America's children: How the
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