Strict Liability & Securities Law
Congress defined security laws to include investment contracts, but "investment contract" is not itself defined in law (Condomimiums as Investment Contracts under the Security Laws, 2011). An Eleventh Circuit court decision indicated "The test for an investment contract is whether the contract is (1) an investment of money (2) in a common enterprise (3) made with expectation of profits to be derived solely from efforts of others" (Condomimiums as Investment Contracts under the Security Laws, 2011). Because law is lacking in adequate definitions, it is completely possible for a business owner to operate a business without fully understanding the laws that govern the individual practices.
The Trust Indenture Act of 1939 applies to debt securities such as bonds, debentures, and notes offered for public sale (The Laws That Govern the Securities Industry). The Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 govern the disclosure of financial information through registration of securities. The Investment Company Act of 1940 requires disclosure of financial condition and investment policies when stock is initially sold. The Investment Advisers Act of 1940 regulates investment advisors. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 governs corporate responsibility, financial disclosures, and corporate and accounting fraud. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 govern consumer protection, trading restrictions, credit ratings, regulation of financial products, corporate governance and disclosure, and transparency. In all of these laws, there is little or no mention of the investment contracts...
International Regulation of Tourism in Antarctica Since the mid-1980s, Antarctica has been an increasingly popular tourist destination, despite the relative danger of visiting the largest, least explored -- and arguably least understood -- continent on earth. Beginning with the 1959 treaty establishing Antarctica as an international zone free of claims of sovereignty by nation's that had been instrumental in establishing research stations there, there has been almost constant negotiation about how
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