According to an article found in the Journal of College Reading and Learning, it common knowledge that the second language reading process, like the first language process, must be recognized as a "top-down/bottom-up" relationship amid the graphic display located with in the text, several echelons of linguistic knowledge and processes, and several cognitive activities (Weber; Upton). In addition
-up processing -- the recognition of letters and words, the accurate representation of temporal and order information, and the efficient coding of verbal information in short-term memory -- ensures that readers will be sensitive to information that is novel or that does not fit their own ongoing hypotheses about the content or structure of the text. Top-down processing -- the influence of what the reader brings to the text in the way of prior knowledge and processing capabilities -- helps readers to resolve ambiguities or to select between alternative possible interpretations of the incoming data. In short, then, reading is an interactive process involving the reader and the text in the construction of meaning (Aebersold & Field; Upton, pg. 5)."
An article entitled "Strategies for Two Way Communication" asserts that in general children have the ability to quickly overcome language barriers. However, in some cases teachers may need to incorporate a strategy known as body English into the classroom. This strategy involves showing children objects or drawings, speaking at a normal to slow pace using short sentences, using very simple sentence structure, Opting not to use contractions, avoiding the passive voice and making sure the listener is comprehending what is being said "Strategies for Two Way Communication."
In addition to improving reading and literacy in the aforementioned ways, according to the More Than Just Surviving Handbook reading and literacy for ESL students is achievable. The author points out that reading must be made a comprehensive aspect of the curriculum. This means that literacy must be presented in the form of whole text (More Than Just Surviving Handbook).
In addition the author insists that ESL students should be immersed in reading. This means that teachers should make reading a daily commitment and students should be exposed to a variety of reading materials including books, magazines, and newspapers (More Than Just Surviving Handbook). The author also insists that teachers should read one on one with students to make certain that they comprehend at the correct level (More Than Just Surviving Handbook).
Another source asserts that there are some specific things that teachers should consider when bringing reading materials into the classroom ("Criteria for Evaluating Cultural Content of Reading Material"). For instance the material should be entertaining, involve the reader, have meaningful illustrations, discuss other cultures, discuss cultures in an accurate manner and provide students with inspiration. On the other hand there are some reading materials that should be avoided such as those that contain stereotypes of ethnic groups, present inaccurate history, are not appealing to the reader, are difficult to read and so not have engaging plots or characters ("Criteria for Evaluating...
Multicultural Patient Care The Market Orientation of the Family Birthing Center is no doubt, diverse. It is also an excellent avenue for health care reforms as the community hospital is forced to cater to the needs of people that speak 40 different languages, to do it well, and to serve as an example for other hospitals that multicultural patient care is possible and could be done in the best possible way
During this penultimate period of violence under Rojas, the violence that wracked Colombia assumed a number of different characteristics that included an economic quality as well as a political one with numerous assassinations taking place. These were literally contract killings there were sponsored by opposition forms. There were also horrendous genocidal acts that were carried out by gangs combined with authentic revolutionary fighting in some regions of the country. The fourth
In 2002/2003 alone, sale of Canadian red wine increased by more than 15% over previous years ("Wineries in Canada" para. 2). In the domestic Canadian market, Canadian consumers have been drawn to Canadian coolers, but domestic beer and wine have been losing ground to imports, with imported beer and wine products posting an average growth rate of 15.5% and 10.4%, respectively, over the last five years. Red wine has countered
Parenting Style Influence on Excess Alcohol Intake Among Jewish Youth Clinical Psychology The health hazards that are associated with adolescent alcohol use are well documented, and there is growing recognition among policymakers and clinicians alike that more needs to be done to address this public health threat. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different parenting styles on alcohol consumption levels among Jewish college students in the United
Parenting Style Influence on Excess Alcohol Intake Among Jewish Youth Clinical Psychology The health hazards that are associated with adolescent alcohol use are well documented, and there is growing recognition among policymakers and clinicians alike that more needs to be done to address this public health threat. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different parenting styles on alcohol consumption levels among Jewish college students in the United
Parenting Style Influence on Excess Alcohol Intake Among Jewish Youth Clinical Psychology The health hazards that are associated with adolescent alcohol use are well documented, and there is growing recognition among policymakers and clinicians alike that more needs to be done to address this public health threat. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different parenting styles on alcohol consumption levels among Jewish college students in the United
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