The symmetry is icosahedral, with the Nucleocapsids round in shape. Further, there are 12 capsomers per neucleocapsid (ICTV). Additionally, the virions each hold one molecule of linear positive-sense single stranded RNA, with a total genome length of 7500 nt, and a hairpin structure (ICTV).
Treatment and Prevention:
The impact of the Hepatitis a can vary from mild to serious illness. It is normally transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water which has come in contact with the feces of a carrying person (again, usually through bad hand washing, or poor sewage systems). The symptoms vary, but usually result in liver involvement causing weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, fever and jaundice. Severe reactions can lead to liver damage, failure, and even death. Unfortunately, there is no specific (or effective) treatment for Hepatitis a Instead, physicians are relegated to supportive care, including bed rest, nutritional care, and prohibition of alcohol (which affects the liver). Even in severe cases when serious hepatic complications occur (including liver failure), the patient is mainly supported to maintain liver function as much as possible. This may mean limiting protein as well as sodium. As indicated previously, even a liver transplant may be necessary.
Although the virus is typically acquired through oral contact (it can be transmitted via blood, but such transmission is very rare (Deodhare, 2000). Instead, the majority of patients become infected through the fecal/oral route, with the severity of the illness seemingly dependant on the strength of the immune system, the overall health of the liver, as well as unknown factors.
Finally, there are no significant defense mechanisms found in the mouth or GI tract against the virus. However, one of the best ways to prevent infection with the virus is trough a very effective Hepatitis a vaccine, available virtually worldwide. After one recovers from hepatitis a, though, the immune defense system ensures protection from further attacks in the future. This is because, like many viruses, individuals who do become infected become immune following recovery through the development of antibodies. Additionally, the disease may be prevented in many people by an injection if immune globulin, which contains "ready made" antibodies against the virus. However the protection afforded by IG is short-term (Carmel, 2004), and does not produce the antibodies in the body that would occur during an infection or during a reaction to the vaccine.
Guardia lamblia
Guardia is extremely common in incidence worldwide, and is the most oft-cited cause of non-bacterial diarrhea within the U.S. (USDA, 2004). Like the organisms found in Hepatitis a, the Guardia lamblia organism is most often acquired by consuming contaminated water as well as food that has been contaminated by infected food handlers. Once ingested, the typical disease process includes diarrhea within one week, and lasts for approximately one to two weeks. However, there have been reports of chronic cases -- especially in individuals who have immune deficiency issues (USDA).
Taxonomy
Guardia lamblia is a eukaryote. Unlike viruses or even bacteria, Guardia is regarded as an animal. Although it is extremely small and simple, this protozoa actually moves by using five "flagella," much as other animals might use arms or legs to move. It belongs in the genus Giardiavirus found within the family Totivirdae. Further, its virions are not enveloped, its Nucleocapsids are isometric and 36 nm in diameter, and it contains one molecule of double stranded RNA (ICTB, 2002 (b)). Interestingly, much is still unknown about the actual disease mechanism caused by the Guardia organism. Some theories include the idea that the organism produces a toxin (which has yet to be confirmed), and that it could function as a "mechanical obstruction of the surface of the intestine (USDA).
Although there are several strains of Guardia, none seem to cause more severe reactions than the others. However, like E. Coli and Hepatitis a, the severity of the disease can vary according to individual based both on unknown factors, as well as on known factors such as age, overall health, and immune suppression. Further, unlike many diseases, a very small infectious dose is required to produce illness (one is enough).
Guardia frequently occurs more in children than adults. This is perhaps due to the fact that, like Hepatitis a, suffers usually demonstrate immunity after the initial infection. In addition to day care centers (due to diapering and possible fecal transmission and contamination), the homosexual male population is also at high risk for the disease, indicating that there is a high possibility of sexual transmission (USDA). The most common effects of Guardia on the human are disaccharide...
Mathematics in Digital Photography The advances in both digital photography and computing have allowed more detailed and complex images to be shown on more realistic media than was ever previously possible. Through the use of more specialized equipment and digital imaging techniques the resulting photos of even the most novice user today can rival those of professionals from years before. This level of photographic precision could never have been achieved were
if, as Halmos suggests, math is a creative art then math must also be the handmaid of science. Describing mathematics as a creative art helps students of math better understand the true roles of the mathematician. Numbers, while in many ways central to the art of math, do not comprise the whole lexicon of mathology. Mathematics does stem from "sheer pure intellectual curiosity," enabling students to perceive the world through
Balacheff (1987) described four levels of justification, which are those as follows: (1) Native empiricism; 2) Crucial experiment; 3) Generic example; and 4) Thought experiment. (Taflin, nd) Naive empiricism is stated to be "an assertion based on a small number of cases." (Taflin, nd) Crucial experiment is stated to be "an assertion based on a particular case, but the case was used as an example of a class of objects." (Taflin, nd) the
Islamic art not only demonstrates the symbolic significance of geometric forms and their psychological, social, religious, and aesthetic functions. In addition to these purposes, Islamic art also demonstrates symmetry. Symmetry's appeal is well-known: babies tend to favor faces with symmetrical features over those with lop-sided noses or askew eyes. Although absolute symmetry is by no means a prerequisite for beauty, symmetry is usually perceived with pleasure. The Spirograph forms, explicated
Mathematics is closely connected to economics, commerce and business modelling, as well as systems for military weapons. Due to the widespread of its use, it was noted that students in the U.S. were beginning to perform a little worse in mathematics than children from other countries worldwide. Mathematical knowledge among citizens was considered a very important factor for a country to be a leading world power. Assessment activities have been
Mathematics Concepts in Profession Mathematics Concepts in the Teaching Profession Mathematical concepts in professions My Profession and Applicable Math Concepts Mathematics is a branch of knowledge dealing with scientific notions of logical qualitative and quantitative arrangements. It extensively covers different aspects as well as having several subdivisions. It is a tool specially designed to handle and implement relative concepts, regardless of the kind of situational problem presented. Alongside the concepts, mathematics uses invented formulas
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now