Retrospective Studies = Research conducted by reviewing records or information about past events elicited through interviews with persons who have, and controls who do not have, a disease under investigation (UP, 2002). This term may apply to the study of habits or past behavior of subjects to who school counseling focus is directed. In observance of such habits and past behavior, proper and necessary approaches to certain students/subjects can effectively be taken.
Single-blind Design = Typically, a study designed in which the investigator, but not the subject, knows the treatment assigned. Occasionally, the subject, rather than the investigator, knows the assignment (UP, 2002). As in the Double-blind Design, this approach of study may be of such listed or referenced within informative literature and writing under the categories of school counseling approaches.
Therapeutic Intent = the research physicians' intent to provide some benefit to improving a subject's condition (UP, 2002). This term can obviously be implied toward the intentions of school counselors in their directives with students.
Therapeutic Research = Research involving an intervention that has the likelihood of providing a therapeutic, diagnostic or preventive benefit to the subjects (UP, 2002). As most overarching goals in counseling students is to provide benefit or furthering assistance to their future, the means of therapeutic research are evident in much of the literature and writings providing such information.
Survey Research Terms Provided by Readex Research:
Mean = "The arithmetic mean is a commonly used term and is usually the one meant when reference is made to "the average." The mean is computed merely by adding the numbers in a series and dividing the total by the number of items in the series. Adding our nine numbers and dividing by nine, results in mean of 10" (Readex, 2006). The term mean can often apply to the subject/s of counsel within school counseling. The mean or average number of students in need of financial assistance is one example of such application to school counseling.
Median = "A median is the value which lies at the middle of a distribution: that is, 50% of the values are above and 50% below. The median represents the "typical" response and is not influenced by extreme values" (Readex, 2006). The term median can often apply to the success rate of students, which helps to determine the necessity and proximately of a schools counseling efforts. A success rate can be associated to many topics, such as academic achievement, behavioral growth, test scores, etc.
Trim Mean = "This average is obtained by trimming the largest and the smallest 10% (this percentage can vary) of the numbers in a series and then calculating the arithmetic mean for the remaining numbers. The trim mean is a more conservative and stable estimate of the true population mean because it is less influenced by extreme values" (Readex, 2006). This term may be applied to the same categories or references as used in the term of mean, but will allow for a possibly more accurate calculation of the subject/s within the context of school counseling.
Sampling Error = "Maximum Sampling error (MSE) is the + figure you see associated with surveys. It is based on the number of responses the survey yields. The more responses your results are based on, the more precise those results are. Unfortunately, the relationship isn't linear, instead, in order to cut the MSE in half, you need to quadruple the number of responses. For example, you might see the following statement in a research report: "Results are subject to a maximum sampling error (MSE) of + 5% at the 95% confidence level." This MSE tells you that the chances are 95 in 100 that the results are within 5 percentage points, higher or lower, of the true percentage for the entire population" (Readex, 2006). Sampling error may be attributed to many of the research studies conducted within the school counseling field. Many surveys are utilized to determine proper or necessary methods of counsel, which may differentiate according to the type, level, or location of the school. The sampling error helps to provide clarity in the possibility of invalid or unreliable information provided through the results of such surveys.
Standard Deviation = "The standard deviation measures the variability associated with a survey's estimate of a population mean. It is analogous to the sampling error associated with percentages: that is, 95% of the time we expect the true (unknown) population mean to be within plus-or-minus two standard deviations of the mean calculated from the sample. A...
Statistics and Their Importance to Research Investigation. Although all research activities do not require the use of statistical data analysis when an investigator wants to report upon the differences, effects and/or relationships between and amongst groups or phenomena (i.e. variables) there must a concerted effort to measure the phenomenon with as much precision and accuracy as possible (Mendenhall & Ramey, 1973). This is, of course, accomplished through the use of
Statistics and Juries In the video "How Statistics Fool Juries," Oxford mathematician Peter Donnelly attempts to demonstrate through a number of examples how statistics, when viewed in a common manner, can be misunderstood and how this can have legal repercussions. Through a number of thought experiments, Donnelly provides the audience with examples of how seemingly simple statistics can be misinterpreted and how many more variables must be taken into account when
One of the most common fallacies is to confuse correlation with causation, but the two are actually distinct. My demonstrating that construction of snowmen and outbreak of acne occur simultaneously does not mean that snowmen produce acne. It may imply an underlying matter, such as the snow itself may contain some component that may instigate the outbreak, or the children who build the snowmen may be particularly vulnerable to
This type of measurement is best used when the data has also been captured at the ordinal or ratio level as the orthogonality of the data set is reliable (Marshall, Ruiz, Bredillet, 2008). Extrapolating statistics to a broader population is also dependent on the approach of randomization used. When a solid methodology, sampling frame and approach to randomization have all been defined, inferential data is often used in organizations
As explained earlier, statisticians in the academe and in specialist industries apply principles and techniques of statistics in different ways. Statisticians in the academe apply their knowledge of statistics in more scientific approaches: multivariate analyses, for example, are reported in a scientific manner, usually communicated in a scholarly approach through journal articles and published or unpublished research reports. Industry specialists, meanwhile, implement statistical principles and techniques more creatively, for their
Statistics are the tools to describe the systematic body of information that assist policy makers or managers to make decision about important issues. Statistics provide the accurate methodology to draw the accurate inference from the sample of data to the full population. Despite the benefits derived from applied statistics, there are challenges that policy makers face in measuring social issues. Answer to Question A In public sector, statistical approach is used to
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now