Statistical Significance in Published Scientific Works
The study I chose to examine is from the field of psychology: Todd, Hanko, Galinsky, and Mussweiler (2011), "When Focusing on Differences Leads to Similar Perspectives. This study was recently published in Psychological Science, a high-impact journal in the field. The research has to do with perspective-taking in conversation; the authors hypothesize that people are better at taking another person's perspective if they are in a "difference mindset" -- i.e. are more aware of interpersonal differences than usual. The authors propose to induce this "difference mindset" by a variety of means, across five experiments. Below, I will discuss the use of statistics in their study and how well they conveyed the size and significance of the results.
Experimental Design
All five experiments used a similar design: participants were randomly assigned to a similarity-mindset, difference-mindset, or control condition. Experiment 1 tested perceptual perspective differences, Experiment 2 tested the impact of the difference mindset on the use of privileged knowledge in interpreting communication, Experiment 3 tested whether the difference mindset would improve reasoning about false beliefs, Experiment 4 tested the impact of the difference mindset on reasoning about racial prejudice-based false beliefs, and Experiment 5 tested whether the difference mindset would improve or hinder interpersonal coordination in a collaborative task.
Statistical...
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