This increased presence of women in professional sports management positions is considered significant by Watt and this author suggests these trends will very likely continue; however, there are some skeptics who argue that the increase presence of women in sports management positions has been a token efforts by the top managers and in actuality only involves a limited number of sport and physical activity areas, such as aerobics; however, there has been a perceptible increase in the number of actively participating females during the past three decades or so, yet there is still a great deal to be accomplished to achieve equality of action in many sporting venues (Watt, 2003). In this regard, Watt points out that, "There are several major sports where women are still treated very much as second-class citizens, and in some cases they are almost not recognized at all" (emphasis added) (2003, p. 32).
Furthermore, at the collegiate level, the number of women in sports management positions has actually declined in recent years. According to Cunningham and Sagas (2004), following the inception of Title IX in 1972 (which prohibited sex discrimination in schools thereby enhancing the funding provided to women's teams), the number of women in leadership positions in collegiate athletics (e.g., coaching and administration) has dramatically decreased. These authors emphasize that at the amateur level, "Women essentially have been squeezed out of key leadership positions over this time frame. When Title IX was enacted, a female administrator...
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