For short haul routes, customers have the option of driving or even taking the train. There are often low switching costs associated with driving. As the hassles associated with flying have increased, switching has increased as well. While flights on longer routes are faster, there is often a price-performance tradeoff. The longer the flight, the lower the threat of substitutes.
The intensity of rivalry is high in the airline industry. There is little to differentiate airlines. Each airline has high fixed costs. Exit costs are high, as each airline has high fixed costs and only operates in the airline industry. In addition, the industry is subject to intermittent overcapacity. In addition, the service is highly perishable -- an empty seat cannot be resold later. This spurs intense competition to fill airplanes. With low switching costs and a low diversity of rivals, there is a high degree of rivalry.
The airline industry is generally an unfavorable one in which to operate. Airlines have a limited degree of pricing power and therefore cannot pass along increases in factor costs to customers. This...
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