Furthermore, since many dysfunctional families forbid the expression of anger by children (particularly anger toward parents), individuals who experience significant levels of early trauma that produces repressed anger are often considerably more aggressive throughout life subsequently than individuals who were fortunate not to experience as much early trauma (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). Aggression is a known factor in criminal conduct as well as other forms of non-criminal negative social behavior such as those associated with overt prejudice and other types of social intolerance toward others (Macionis 2003).
Aggression and Prejudice:
One of the primary ways that aggression-prone individuals express their repressed rage is in their treatment of other less powerful individuals (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005).
Within the family system, aggressive adults express their aggressive tendencies in their parenting and older siblings often emulate learned aggression against their younger siblings. Outside the family, the same tendency holds true and aggressive employers tend to treat their employees much differently than better adjusted employers. Likewise individuals victimized by aggression at home tend to perpetuate the same types of behaviors in their personal relationships and later, within their own families, thereby continuing the cycle (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005).
When prejudice is permitted in society, it presents a perfect opportunity for the expression of aggressive tendencies against those perceived as scapegoats, or against those who merely are incapable of defending themselves (Macionis 2003). No doubt American slave owners differed substantially in the ways that they treated their slaves and the most aggressive plantation owners and overseers perpetrated the worst atrocities.
In the period of American history that followed, much of white American society had already been too inculcated with prejudicial beliefs to change in only a few generations, but even with prejudice rampant in the country, most Americans never participated in the overt persecution or lynching of another motivated by racial animus.
Those who did undoubtedly harbored tremendous...
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