In the 1980s fans were so violent that some English teams were banned from European competition. In high-stakes European soccer matches local governments regularly warn that violence could cause forfeiture of the game. Still, there remain a number of violent events from fans resulting in property damage, physical injury, and even death. Some see a similarity between modern fan violence and Gladiatorial attitudes (Nosotro, 2000).
Off-Field Violence -- Off-Field violence may occur prior to, or after, a sporting event, but is directly tied to that event. It may occur in a bar, parking lot, or any public gathering spot. What tends to characterize this for sociologists is that it, too, may be tied in with fervent nationalism, alcohol consumption, or simply letting the idea of a fan's preference get out of control. Many social theorists believe that this type of behavior is a learned response, almost a crowd mentality, and can certainly be stopped if enough people become intolerant of it (Coakley, 203, 202-16).
Conclusions- The conundrum in the modern world focuses on the interrelationship between what is expected of players from fans and management, and their own particular temperaments. It is also not unheard of for fans to explode in violence while players remain calm and sportsmanlike. Certainly, the advent of technology has changed the way that violence is perceived. With television coverage, close ups, instant reply, and multiple camera angles it is almost impossible for a coach or player to have any semblance of privacy during a game. The sociological view of the public, however, seems to be moving towards a growing dissatisfaction with sports violence (with some exceptions). Changes in rules, enhancement of equipment, and even the changes in athlete's physical make-up seem to be part of a fluid evolution towards enhancing fairness and competitive, team spirit. The media are able to find and portray more violent incidents, but most scholars believe there appears to be a continual and aggressive view against violence within sports. Among some managers, there remains a level of ambivalence, though, and athletes are the first to admit that they are opposed to violence, but it is expected of them. Thus, society is changing, and with it the tolerance to subject an increasingly global audience to unnecessary violence (Kerr, 2005).
REFERENCES
Ashby, L. (2004). With Amusement for All: A History of American Popular Culture Since
1830. Nashville, TN: University Press of Kentucky.
Ateyo, D. (1979). Blood and Guts. New York: Paddington Press.
Berger A., (2002). "Mediatribes -- Making Sense of Popular Culture in America," ETC: A
Review of General Semantics. 59(2002): 131-42.
Boxill, J., ed. (2002). Sports Ethics: An Anthology. New York: Wiley.
Coakley, J. (2006). Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies....
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