Smoking Cessation
Health Belief Model
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012) smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. It is estimated that there are more than 43 million adults who currently smoke in the United States. Of these 53% are men and 47% are women. Tobacco use is responsible for causing many diseases and reducing the health of smokers in general. The adverse effects of smoking cigarettes account for approximately 443,000, or nearly one in five deaths in the United States annually. Tobacco use causes more deaths each year than all of the deaths caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, and murders combined. An estimated 90% of all lung cancer deaths in men and 80% of all lung cancer deaths in women are the result of smoking as are 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).
Compared to nonsmokers smoking is estimated to increase the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke by 2 to 4 times, developing lung cancer by 23 times in men and 13 times in women, and dying of COPD by 12 to 13 times. Smoking causes coronary heart disease (the leading cause of death in the United States), reduces circulation by narrowing the arteries, and puts users at risk of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The cancers associated with tobacco use include lung, acute myeloid leukemia, bladder, cervical, esophageal, kidney, larynx, mouth, pancreatic, pharynx, and stomach. Smoking is also linked to infertility, preterm delivery, stillbirth, low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Furthermore, postmenopausal women who smoke have a lower bone density and an increased risk for hip fracture than woman who never smoked (CDC, 2012).
Evidence shows that the harmful effects of smoking do not end with the smoker. An estimated 88 million nonsmoking Americans, including 54% of children aged 3 -- 11 years, are exposed to secondhand smoke. Even brief exposure can be dangerous because nonsmokers inhale many of the same poisons in cigarette smoke as smokers (CDC, 2011).
Secondhand smoke exposure causes serious diseases and even death. The effects of secondhand smoke have been traced to heart disease and lung cancer in nonsmoking adults and sudden infant death syndrome, acute respiratory infections, ear problems and more frequent and severe asthma attacks in children. Each year, primarily because of exposure to secondhand smoke, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking Americans die of lung cancer, more than 46,000 die of heart disease, and about 150,000 to 300,000 children younger than 18 months have lower respiratory tract infections. Coupled with this enormous health toll is the significant economic burden of tobacco use, more than $96 billion a year in medical costs and another $97 billion a year from lost productivity (CDC, 2011). Quitting smoking greatly reduces the chances for developing these serious health complications or placing others at risk.
The Importance of Health Promotion
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recently announced $1.01 billion in grant-funding opportunities for health promotion. These grant programs emerged directly from the Affordable Care Act (PPACA).
According to Michael O'Donnell (2012) in 2010 Medicaid spending by the federal government totaled $273 billion or 7.3% of the total federal budget. State governments spent $127 billion on Medicaid in 2009. This figure represents 9.9% of all state budgets. This level of spending not to mention the inevitable annual increases will be difficult, if not impossible, for states and the federal government to maintain in the future.
It is estimated that tobacco use, inactivity, and poor nutrition cause 70% of all chronic diseases. These diseases account for approximately 75% of all medical costs in the United States, furthermore they account for 83% of all Medicaid costs and 96% of all Medicare costs. Rates of smoking, obesity and chronic diseases are significantly greater in the low-income populations eligible for Medicaid.
Definition of Heath and Health Promotion
According to Charles B. Corbin ("Dimensions of Wellness," NDI) health and wellness may be defined as "a multidimensional state of being describing the existence of positive health in an individual as exemplified by quality of life and a sense of well-being." These dimensions of wellness include: social wellness, occupational wellness, spiritual wellness, physical wellness, intellectual wellness, emotional wellness, environmental wellness, financial wellness, mental wellness, and medical wellness.
Health promotion is the practice of making positive contributions to the health status of individuals, families, and communities by providing information...
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