The former has proved to be overly adverse in effect to the extent that it invalidated any positive effect. Other drug types such as neuroleptics have also only had limited effects in treating sex offenders.
Grossman, Martis and Fichtner (1999, p. 351) refer to the advent of antiandrogen medications as "among the most important" of biological interventions for sex offenders. These medications reduce the serum level of testosterone, with the effect that devious sexual fantasies and behavior are also reduced. In addition, the authors cite studies indicating that such medications also reduce other sexual functions such as libido, erections, ejaculations, and sprematogenesis. In terms of somatic treatments, the authors indicate that antiandrogen medications have so far proven to be the most effective.
On the other end of the spectrum is psychological and behavioral treatment, as it specifically manifests in cognitive-behavioral interventions (Grossman, Martis and Fichtner, 1999, p. 354). Until this mode of treatment, psychological models as applied to treatment for sexual offenses involving children had little success, according to the authors. The rapid development of such treatments over the last two decades has increased the effectiveness of this therapy.
At the basis of cognitive-behavioral therapies is an attempt to change the belief system of sex offenders, eliminating their inappropriate behavior around children, and increasing their appropriate behavior. Common techniques used to achieve this include aversion treatment, covert sensitization, imaginal desensitization, and masturbatory reconditioning (Grossman, Martis and Fichtner, 1999, p. 354). These are often coupled with cognitive restructuring, or the modification of the offender's distorted cognitions that relate to his or her sexual behavior.
While many particularly in the professional community are beginning to view the benefits of the restorative model for sexual abusers of children in a positive light, authors such as Karen Kirsting (2005) acknowledge that they still face considerable challenges in implementing treatments. This is particularly so in societies who are fearful of reoffenses, and where offenders are viewed in an extremely negative light.
According to Kirsting, psychologists also face a challenging attitude from law enforcement authorities, many of whom favor the traditional retributive model for sexual offenses. She also notes that research is complicated by relatively low recidivism...
Child Abuse in Literature Child Maltreatment Child maltreatment entails all types of neglect and abuse of a child below eighteen years by caregivers, parents or any other person (Crosson-Tower, 2006). Child abuse encompasses all forms of physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect or child exploitation that causes potential or actual harm to a child's well-being, dignity and development (Smith & Fong, 2004). According to Scannapieco & Connell-Carrick (2005), child maltreatment is
The model of the "social structural child" sees the childhood as a social system comparable to the other social categories. Though, the childhood system is different from the others and even marginalized, fact well pointed out in the "minority group child" model. The model of the "tribal child" is more concentrated on the children's world, which is considered to have its own separate culture. The "socially constructed child" model
Patriarchal domination really coincides with domestic violence. This is usually widely seen in Asian countries where poverty is widespread. Disturbing and alarming, it cannot be denied that men and women (children and adults) are witnessing an act that is very unfair. People should respond to this problem not only relying to the leaders but also to one's own effort to eliminate the problem. It will be of great bliss if
Counseling: Reason behind Child AbuseAbstractEvery child living in any area of the world has the birthright of living a safe, protected, and happy life. Still, numerous children fall victim to child abuse in various forms. The children who have suffered across generations are uncountable since some of the cases go unreported. This research proposal aims to ruminate over the same issue by detecting the reasons for child abuse all over
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16(4): 99-114. Barrett, David & Melrose, Margaret (2012). Courting Controversy -- Children Sexually Abused Through Prostitution -- Are They Everybody's Distant Relatives but Nobody's Children? Child and Family Law Quarterly, 15(4): 371-382. McCabe, Kimberly (2007). The Role of Internet Service Providers in Cases of Child Pornography and Child Prostitution. Social Science Computer Review, 26(2): 247-251. Streetlight USA (2012). The Issue. Accessed 18 July 2012 at http://streetlightusa.org/the-issue/ U.S. Department
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