These are his individual participant's abilities, his team's capabilities, and the organization's capabilities. Team capabilities are not simply the sum of the abilities of the individual members. And organizational capabilities are different from team capabilities. These being distinct from one another, the top manager can build his efficacy beliefs on himself, the team and the organization. Organizational efficacy can then proceed from the top manager's belief in the organization's capabilities to create competitive advantage as well as attain high performance (Yun).
Self-Efficacy in the Work Environment
Employee Empowerment
According to Newstrom and Davis, self-efficacy is the conviction that one can successfully perform a given task and make meaningful contributions (Edralin, 2004). Causes of powerlessness and low self-efficacy in the workplace are job-related, boss-related, and reward system-related. Unclear roles and expectations, lack of opportunity to use discretion at work, and the lack of job variety and depth are job-related factors. A highly authoritarian or task-directing towards capable and willing subordinates is a boss-related factor. And a reward system-related cause is when the wage, incentives and other benefits and rewards fall short of recognizing, rewarding and reinforcing employee competence, commitment and innovativeness. The problem of low self-efficacy level among employees can be solved by empowering them (Edralin).
Newstrom and Davis (as qtd in Edralin, 2004), is the process of identifying and then removing or resolving the conditions, which cause powerlessness. At the same time, it enhances feelings of self-efficacy. Empowerment also allows employees to make decisions at all levels of the organization without need for approval from superiors. Employees should be helped, guided, socially reinforced and emotionally sustained. These are done through training, mentoring, and job coaching to help them prevent job output rejects. They can be guided by identifying fellow employees who can serve as role models. Social reinforcement includes sincere praise, expressions of gratitude, encouragement, concrete feedbacks and other forms of public recognition. And provision of emotional support includes reduction of stress and anxiety. This can be made through counseling, job clarification, job restructuring, an appropriate leadership style to the employee's level of competence, and a mature and genuine concern for his welfare and rights. When appropriately and legitimately empowered, the employee is very likely to turn out a performance satisfactory to the organization (Edralin).
Succeeding at the Workplace
Self-efficacy does not predict specific or concrete outcomes of one's actions or skills (Holmes, 2010). It is a belief or perception of one's own capability and intents. It is confidence in one's ability to coordinate and use his social, physical, mental and behavioral skills and talents in accomplishing a bigger goal than he thought possible before. Obstacles do not daunt him if his sense of self-efficacy is strong. He sees these as temporary and waiting to be overcome (Holmes).
The four factors, which build strong self-efficacy, are successful experience, modeling, positive feedback and physical condition (Holmes, 2010). Accomplishments send the message that one can perform. Repeated handling of difficult situations makes him feel that he can do it again. Observing others who excel in a similar task inspires self-efficacy. It is a strong encouragement that he can excel like those others. When others sincerely compliment one's capability or potential, he feels encouraged into using this potential or testing this capability. And a person who has strong sense of efficacy is calm even when inspired or motivated. In contrast, someone with low self-efficacy will feel nervous or defeated at the thought of a formidable task (Holmes).
Counseling for Career Options
As earlier stated, the stronger the level of self-efficacy, the greater one's career options. Self-efficacy theory and theory-based counseling can help increase one's perceived career options and the probability of success in those options (Betz, 2004). Counselors usually begin intervention by identifying the client's perceived inadequacies, which limit his career options and achievements. The counselor may name local resources, which can provide career opportunities for the client. These may be community colleges or technical schools, adult education programs and particular programmed learning systems. In developing social confidence, he may join assertiveness training, communication and interpersonal skills and public speaking groups with the same need. Vicarious learning, modeling and anxiety management techniques will be most helpful for him and the rest in the group (Betz).
Laughter and Self-Efficacy
Work is not meant to be boring or a drudgery. It can and should be an enjoyable time, even for laughter. A recent study found a place and connection between purposeful
laughter and self-efficacy in the workplace (Beckman et al., 2007). It served the Capabilities Awareness Profile questionnaire to 33 employees of a behavioral health center for 15-minute sessions on 15 consecutive workdays. The questionnaire focused on the value of purposeful laughter in the workplace. Purposeful laughter is described as a realistic, sustainable, and generalizable intervention. It accentuates employee morale, resilience and personal efficacy beliefs (Beckman et al.).
Other researches linked the benefits...
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