In Washington D.C., the municipal police department requires private security officers to be licensed as "special police" officers in order to legally search or arrest people. Cooperation can reach significant proportions, as in the case of the Minneapolis Police Department's "SafeZone" program, which place private security officers downtown who now outnumber Minneapolis Police Department officers there 13 to 1.
4. Industries and organizations that use special and/or commissioned officers and for what purposes
a. There is a truly broad range of industries and organizations which use special police officers. These organizations tend to have significant financial resources, large premises, and sensitive security needs which they believe cannot be met by the existing public police force. These often involve the need to have an officer permanently standing guard on the premises who have the authority to investigate potential criminal situations and detain individuals.
b. The reasons for unmet security needs often arise because of limitations in resources and manpower or limitations created by the particular policing strategy of the private organization. For example, department stores hire private security officers for loss prevention purposes because most police departments will not commit their limited manpower to stand guard at a store. Private residential communities often hire private security officers with police power because of the increased risk of property crime faced by rich private communities.
c. Even local governments themselves hire private security forces to assist the public police department in patrolling broader areas. This is particularly true of those local governments which lack the resources to increase their police forces. These government often receive help in funding the hiring of these private security forces from interested private parties themselves. For example, Target and other Minneapolis companies paid for a wireless video camera system in Downtown Minneapolis which private security forces share with the Minneapolis Police Department.
5. Miranda Rights
a. The 4th Amendment requires arresting agents to read an arrested individual the individual's Constitutional Rights within a reasonable period after formally arresting the individual. These...
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