" (Raines and Leather, 2007) This goal was achievable through wealth acquisition derived from "monopoly profits from successful innovations."(Raines and Leather, 2007) Schumpeter held that the ability of these businessmen is that which determines how far they will rise "because in that schema rising to a position and doing well in it is one and the same thing." (1950: as cited in Raines and Leather, 2007) Schumpeter also discussed the 'human element' in the political democratic decision-making in his work "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy" and in one section which he entitled 'Human Nature in Politics' he stressed that the mindset of capitalism was one of rationalism and held a view of individual rationality as "consumers and in political activities as being quite limited." (Raines and Leathers, 2007) Schumpeter rejected the "idea of the human personality that is a homogeneous unit and the idea of the definite will that is the prim mover of action." (1950: as cited in Raines and Leather, 2007) Consumers were described by Schumpeter as being "so amenable to the influence of advertising and other methods of persuasion that producers often seem to dictate to them instead of being direct by them." (1950: as cited in Raines and Leather, 2007) Schumpeter writes: "There is for everyone, within a much wider horizon, a narrower field -- widely differing in extent as between different groups and individuals and bound by a broad zone rather than a sharp line -- which is distinguished by a sense of reality or familiarity or responsibility. And this field harbors relatively definite individual volitions." (1950: as cited in Raines and Leather, 2007) the "little field" of the individual is held by Schumpeter to be those things, which are the most directly concerned with that individual and include the individual's family, business, community and other social organizations in which the individual is involved. Schumpeter states specifically: "...the typical citizen drops down to a lower level of mental performance as soon as he enters the political field. He argues and analyzes in a way, which he would readily recognize as infantile within the sphere of his real interests. He becomes a primitive again. His thinking becomes associative and affective." (1950: as cited in Raines and Leather, 2007) Therefore, it is easy in matters that are political for the individual to give in to "extra-rational or irrational prejudice and impulse" and to the political and special interest group manipulation. Raines and Leathers state: "Schumpeter's views on behavior with respect to political issues would seem to apply to some degree to behavior within large bureaucratic corporations, expanding his depiction of entering into and rising within the corporate hierarchy as similar to political behavior. In such organizational environments, individuals are highly likely to experience the same reduced sense of reality, responsibility, and volition as they do in the political arena. As the bureaucratic management structure becomes larger and more complex, each individual working in that environment may increasingly feel that he is a member of an "unworkable committee" over which he has no influence." (Raines and Leather, 2007) Schumpeter noted the individual negative impact of the bureaucratic organization stating: "The bureaucratic method of transacting business and the moral atmosphere it spreads doubtless often exert a depressing influence on the most active minds. Mainly, this is due to the difficulty, inherent in the bureaucratic machine, of reconciling individual initiative with the mechanics of its working. Often the machine gives little scope for initiative and much scope for vicious attempts at smothering it. From this a sense of frustration and futility may result which in turn induces a habit of mind that revels in blighting criticism of the efforts of others. This need not be so; many bureaucracies gain on closer acquaintance with their work. But it is difficult to avoid and there is no simple recipe for doing so." (1950: as cited in Raines and Leather, 2007)
II. MARX
The work of David S. Pena entitled: "Tasks of Working-Class Governments under the Socialist-Oriented Market Economy" states that the question for Marxist-Leninists includes questions concerning the "problems and prospects of socialist-oriented market economies" and how those are "bound up with our understanding of the proper tasks of the proletarian state." Specifically a basic concern is "whether markets are compatible with the political supremacy of the working class, a supremacy that is entailed by the notion of proletarian rule during the transition period between capitalism and socialism." (Pena, 2007) the classical theory of Marx holds that that the working class "take control of the state, and use state power in the interest of the majority to abolish capitalism...
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Notwithstanding his militant stances against capitalism -- and given the "Occupy" movement in the Western societies, some of what he railed against is evident in the market today -- and his archaic promotion of communism, his theories have an important place in educational scholarship. Good debates require diametrically opposed positions, and Marx provides plenty of ammunition for the side of the argument that adopts an anti-corporate, anti-capitalist, anti-globalization position. Works
875). Often success introduces complacency, rigidity, and over confidence that eventually erode a firm's capability and product relevance. Arie de Geus (1997) identified four main traits for a successful firm; the first is the ability to change with a changing environment (Lovas & Ghoshal, 2000, p.875). A successful firm is capable of creating community vision, purpose, and personality, and it is able to develop and maintain working relationships. Lastly, a
The professional manager held ultimate responsibility for construction, while the designer's authority with respect to the client receded. on-site work done by subcontractors was managed by large general contractors who provided the supervising engineers, and did not necessarily have to adhere to the designers places (Cuff 33). This change was a direct consequence of the arrangement of work in the Industrial Revolution, where specialisation was given new dimensions and
The deal was immediately criticized as anti-competitive by William Kennard, the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, and by the Communications Workers of America, which represents some workers at both of the merged companies. But neither government regulators nor union bureaucrats will have the slightest impact on the latest merger. They have neither the power nor the desire to oppose the plans of the giant telecommunications monopolies. More substantial opposition
Full creativity allows the production of greater wealth, for a stronger and more evolved society. Further in defense of the moral systems or perceived lack thereof in terms of newly created wealth, D'Souza asserts that most wealth currently created is the result of personal effort, rather than means such as inheritance. The wealth can then indeed be seen as the reward for effort, rather than wealth as a result of
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