The dependent measures were pedagogical quality, scores based on assessment quality and academic achievement. The independent measures were leadership, school demographics and control variables. To convert leadership to a measurable variable a framework was given which was constructed from the results of the teacher surveys and observation of the principal and managerial meetings. These outcome measures were suitable for the purpose of the study.
Results and Analysis
Scatterplots were used to show the distribution of schools according to leadership styles. One way analysis of ANOVA was used to compare the means for schools on the measurable characteristics. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to investigate the effect of school leadership on pedagogical quality and academic achievement. This was necessary due to the level of complexity of the multiple variables.
Overall it was found that schools were varied in their levels of the two leadership styles. The study concluded that transformational leadership must be present for instructional leadership to be present,...
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