¶ … Rhetoric of Critical Thought
Daniel Kahneman, who wrote "Thinking, Fast and Slow," has spent many years dissecting the way people think, and how they arrive at thoughts. He is a psychologist who for many years worked with a fellow psychologist named Amos Tversky who passed away before the two could publish much of their findings and win the Nobel Prize. However, his greatest work, and Nobel Prize, were not for psychology (for which there is no Nobel), was for economics. Kahneman developed a method for determining how people would gamble if the end choice was a known. He is a prolific author and thinker who was primarily interested in error.
In his book, he details how he and his colleague Tversky came across errors in judgment that are fundamental to much of research, and much of how people anecdotally see each other. The observances he made took place over a period of more than 30 years during which he used them to create prospect theory, corollaries in behavioral economics and other advances. He determined that there are a number of errors to which people are prone which impede their use of critical thinking. He said that there are two systems controlling the brain, System I and System II, the first of which is "gullible and biased to believe" and the second "is in charge of doubting and unbelieving" (81). His belief is that if the first system somehow overrides the second, or if the second system is somehow otherwise engaged, people will make errors in judgment because System I is prone to make them. This paper looks at three of the errors people commonly make when it comes to critical thinking -- exaggerated emotional coherence, intensity matching and the anchoring effect.
Exaggerated Emotional Coherence
There is a phenomenon that is common in people regardless their desire to suppress it. Exaggerated emotional coherence, more popularly known as the halo effect, is defined by Kahneman as "the tendency to like (or dislike) everything about a person -- including things you have not observed" (82). He basically illustrates it by using politics. In the United States, there are two primary parties which pretty much rule political discourse. These two...
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