Relatively recent estimates of the per capita costs for vector control have been estimated to be between $0.02 and $3.56 dollars (Beatty et al., 2011), which would translate into $1.1 to $200 million for these three countries (IMF, 2012); however, vector control costs would probably be towards the low end because the climate is naturally hostile towards a. aegypti and dengue is endemic only to limited regions of Saudi Arabia and Yemen. In terms of percent gross domestic product (GDP), a $1 million dollar annual vector control program would represent 1.7x10?6 and 3.0x10?5 of the GDP in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, respectively.
Global Health Policies for Dengue Control
The WHO has identified three goals to be achieved by 2020 for global dengue prevention and control and these are: (1) 50% reduction in mortality, (2) 25% reduction in morbidity, and (3) determine the true burden of the disease (WHO, 2012). The technical elements cited as critical for achieving these goals are improved disease management, partnerships, surveillance, vector control, and communications. The partnerships that the WHO has identified as essential are broad, from national health ministries, private providers, non-governmental organizations, and community leaders. Essentially, controlling and preventing dengue in the Middle East will require the creation of a dengue health and vector control infrastructure.
In Saudi Arabia, such an infrastructure is being built (Ministry of Health, 2012). One of the primary sources of dengue in the Kingdom is the influx of Muslim pilgrims during the Hajj and a hospital has been built to handle patients with dengue and other infection diseases. By contrast, efforts to control dengue in Yemen seem primitive by contrast (Al-Maqtari, 2012).
Conclusions
Dengue is endemic to the Middle East along the southern coastal regions of the Red and Arabian Seas. Efforts to control and prevent the disease in Saudi Arabia are ongoing (Ministry of Health, 2009; 2012), but comparatively primitive in Yemen. Importantly, controlling and preventing dengue in the Arabian Peninsula should be inexpensive and effective for most of the region, but more difficult for urban areas along the route to Mecca.
References
Al-Maqtari, Muaad. (2012, May 17). Dengue fever sweeping central prison in Hodeida and refugee camp in Harad. Yemen Times. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.yementimes.com/en/1573/news/860/Dengue-Fever-sweeping-Central-Prison-in-Hodeida-and-refugee-camp-in-Harad.htm.
CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2012). Dengue and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. CDC.gov. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/30jan2012/aegyptifactsheet.pdf.
CIA (U.S. Central Intelligence Agency). (2013). World Fact Book. Middle East: Saudi Arabia. CIA.gov. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html.
Clawson, Patrick. (2009). Demography in the Middle East: Population growth slowing, women's situation unresolved. The Washington Institute. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/demography-in-the-middle-east-population-growth-slowing-womens-situation-un.
Hotez, Peter J., Savioli, Lorenzo, and Fenwick, Alan. (2012). Neglected tropical diseases of the Middle East and North Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6(2), e1475.
IMF (International Monetary Fund). (2012, Nov.). Regional Economic Outlook. Middle East and Central Asia. Washington, D.C.: IMF Publication Services.
Ministry of Health. (2009). Joint Committee for combating dengue fever formed. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/News/Pages/NEWS-2009-4-22-001.aspx.
Ministry of Health. (2012). King Faisal Hospital in Makkah completes its preparations for the Pilgrims' health care. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Hajj/News/Pages/News-2012-10-21-02.aspx.
Nathan, Michael B., Dayal-Drager, Renu, and Guzman, Maria. (2009). Chapter 1. Epidemiology, burden of disease and transmission. In K. Ciceri and P. Tissot (Eds.), Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control, (pp. 1-21). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2012). Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control 2012-2020. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
Tropical Diseases in India and BrazilIntroductionDengue is a mosquito-borne virus that can cause severe illness and death. In India and Brazil there is a noted correlation between economic level and the prevalence of Dengue. In India, studies have shown that areas with lower economic resources and poorer living conditions had higher rates of Dengue infection than areas with higher socio-economic status. Additionally, there are also indications that factors such as
healthcare problems facing this nation is that of migrant workers, primarily those from Mexico, who work both legally and illegally on this side of the border. While other immigrant populations are also underinsured and under-treated --most notably Asians -- the Hispanic problem is by the far the most significant because of the shear numbers and the structural poverty which create stagnant population pools too large to ignore. By allowing this
Air traffic has continued to increase and it now constitutes a considerable proportion of the travelling public. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till 2020. Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being. Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and
The first level of the NHS - health centers and health costs produce a considerable part of the total volume of health services in the nation and comprise the first and only point of contact with the health system for the major part of the Mozambican population. The present approach while delivering primary level health services in Mozambique has been very successful. (Expenditure Tracking and Service Delivery Survey: The
Healthcare in the United States and India The healthcare systems in the United States and India have starkly different origins: the former arose out of employer based insurance coverage while the latter began through government funding. As Sai Ma and Neeraj Sood document in a report on India's healthcare challenges, the Indian government faced the challenge of redesigning their healthcare infrastructure after their independence in 1947 (2008). The Bhore Committee, assembled
Global Warming Argument FACT OR FALLACY Critical Thinking World Health Organization (2013) reports that, in the last century, the earth's warmth increased by approximately 0.75 degrees C. And further at more than 0.18 degrees every decade in the last 25 years. This phenomenon, called global warming, is said to result from the greenhouse effect whereby deleterious gases, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat within the earth's atmosphere instead of getting released. A steady
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now