Endocrine control of BP
Hormonal Control of Osmotic pressure: Stimulation
Arterial blood pressure (BP) is under tight control by the mammalian nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidneys, and endocrine system (Vivas et al., 2014). The VII, IX, and X cranial nerves conduct peripheral taste, osmo-sodium, volume, and baroreceptor information to the solitary tract, while the distinct bundles of neurons in the lamina terminalis respond to changes in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid sodium levels, osmolality, and angiotensin II levels. The information thus received is transmitted to the median preoptic, supraoptic, paraventricular, lateral parabrachial, and dorsal raphe nucleus for integration. The neurotransmitter systems involved include angiotensin, vasopressin, oxytocin, and serotonin.
The overall response to reductions in BP and electrolyte content of bodily fluids is to trigger the sympathetic nervous system, endocrine system, and appropriate behavior to correct the deficiency (Vivas et al., 2014). The most important arm of BP control is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which mediates both short-term and long-term BP regulation (Chopra, Baby, and Jacob, 2011). Plasma angiotensinogen, a 453-aa protein, is produced by the liver and enzymatically cleaved by renin to produce the 10-aa peptide, angiotensin I, which induces mild vasoconstriction. Renin is produced by the juxtaglomerular cells in response...
The circulatory or cardiovascular system is responsible for moving nutrients, wastes and gases between body cells, transporting blood across the whole body and battling disease (Circulatory System). Its principal elements are the heart, numerous blood vessels, and blood. The heart forms the circulatory system's core. This 2-sided, 4-chambered pump which distributes blood to various arteries comprises of the right and left ventricles, and right and left atria. The ventricles, situated within
Cardiology Nursing This is a 12 lead ECG taken for Mr. Long at the Emergency Department. He presented with a two hour history of chest pain radiating to his left arm. The ECG is suggestive of an antero-septal Myocardial infarction. Further scrutiny of the ECG displays a normal sinus rhythm, with a rate of 75 bpm that is regularly regular. There is no axis deviation with a PR interval of 200
Introduction Hypertension is the chronic elevation of blood pressure that can lead to organ failure and even mortality. Cardiac output creates blood pressure but in patients with hypertension, cardiac output is increased. The autonomic nervous system helps to regulate blood pressure but in patients with hypertension, no repinephrine is existent and stress is felt especially acutely. Phenotype and Genotype It is unknown what genes cause hypertension. Moreover, as Korner (2010) points out, “their
Hypertensive Patient Case Study Specific physical examinations in any hypertensive patient Accuracy in the measurement of blood pressure is the basic aspect of diagnosis. Therefore, we take it over several weeks. On each visit, normally at least three blood pressure readings are taken with the difference of 2 minutes using mercury manometer. Palpation of all peripheral pulses should necessarily be carried out. Absent, weak, or delayed femoral pulses are the sign of coarctation
Orthostatic Hypotension Blood pressure is the strength of blood pushing against arteries’ walls as the heart beats. Adults have a 120/80 mmHg e normal blood pressure. The numerator represents the systolic pressure which is the measure of blood pressure during active heart beats while the denominator represents the diastolic pressure, which is the blood pressure during passive heart beats (Low & Tomalia, 2015). Consistent rise of blood pressure to over 140/90 mmHg
Osmoregulation Endocrines Osmoregulation Osmoregulation is the process, by which the body adjusts to a change in an environment of different water volume and amount of solutes in a cells and body fluid of organisms including vertebrates. Vertebrates are animals, which have a backbone, and can be warm either blooded or cold blooded. The body of such organisms adjusts in order to maintain the body balance both inside and outside their bodies in
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