Regardless, "it is sensible to extend the scope of the mapping exercise to include those habitats which most strongly resemble the habitat of interest…By incorporating those habitats which are most likely to create misclassifications and errors in the habitat maps, the accuracy of the mapping objective can be determined" (Mumby 2009). Comparing the images of known habitat areas, to see if the images are distinct, lends greater credence to the portrait generated of the area as a whole. Sensors can be used to map both geomorphological zones and more broadly-defined ecological habitats.
Properly executed, with the use of 'control' groupings and 'ground-truthing,' the technology can be highly effective. "The number of ground-truthing sites required per habitat is difficult to quantify and depends on the size of the area and distribution (i.e. complexity) of habitats: smaller study areas and areas of relatively uniform habitat (e.g. sand banks) require less ground-truthing. For example, 10 sites per habitat may be acceptable for a single bay whereas 30 may be required to map an entire coastline. However, whereas ground-truthing requirements may vary, it is imperative that an adequate number of sites are visited for accuracy assessment -- ideally at least 50 independent sites per habitat" (Mumby, Green, Edwards & Clark 2009). Adequate ground-truthing can increase accuracy as high as 75%-100%.
The future opportunities of remote sensing in coastal environments
Because of its cost-effective nature, in contrast to land-based sensing, remote is likely to become more popular in the future. Granted, habitat-mapping can be an expensive undertaking. However, after the initial set-up costs, "using remote sensing to augment field survey is the most cost-effective means of achieving outputs for scientific and management purposes. Four types of cost are encountered when undertaking remote sensing: (1) set-up costs, (2) field survey costs, (3) image acquisition costs, and (4) the time spent on analysis of field data and processing imagery. The largest of these are set-up costs, such as the acquisition of hardware and software, which may comprise 40 -- 72% of the total cost of the project depending...
This study has also noted that remote sensing and GIS technology play critical roles in the assessment of environments that are not only very remote but that are complex environments to analyze and model however, there are still many issues related to accurate mapping and assessment of glacier via satellite imagery technology. It is reported that the optimal method of accurate mapping and assessment is the combination of remote sensing
Remote sensing can be utilized in order to give succinct information regarding the arrangement and the constituents of coral reef materials. The biological and physical attributes of the water bodies in which the coral reefs exist are monitored over a period of time and the changes note. This paper explores the different technologies available in the field of remote sensing. Over time, there has been a large improvement as the
Some of these factors enhance the ability to detect geothermal activity in an area, while others impede it. The presence of these factors must be taken into consideration as they relate to the specific area being surveyed. A complete study of these factors and their potential affects on the ability to use remote sensing techniques will have to be explored in order to understand how they affect the use
The determination was that energy absorption into the clouds and the production of forestation varied by the year. The conclusion was that the rainforests in the Amazon are sensitive to El Nino and the plants that grew, producing carbon flux varied as much as 21% and 18%. (2000 American Geophysical Union) (Koren 1342). Information obtained via satellite is shared with environmental protection agencies. Created by a Stanford scientist to study
Cartography The geographic coordinate system basically refers to longitudinal and latitudinal lines and the reference points on them. The lines of longitude and latitude are based on the Earth's polar axis. Latitude lines are parallel to the equator, and are measured in degrees, with the equator's value set at 0 degrees. From the equator to each of the poles there are ninety latitude lines, for a total of 180. Latitudes north
Technology changed Security and Terrorism? Terrorists have evolved in their warfare and now they exploit modern technologies to facilitate every stage of their operation such as recruitment, training, planning and attack. Counter terrorism efforts therefore require more effort, continued research and high tech solutions to prevent, protect and to safeguard innocent citizens. The key to victory is not just the volume of information at our disposal but more importantly how
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