Although remediation efforts have been underway by the private and public sectors more recently, the cause of this pollution can largely be traced to its canalization following World War II and a lack of environmentally responsible infrastructure capable of handling the amounts of toxic discharge and other effluents that are produced in the area. According to Verweij, "The canalization of the Rhine, as well as the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and municipal sources, has had a devastating impact on the ecosystems of the river, at least until the middle of the 1980s" (2000:79). The intensive push for massive industrialization to rebuild the German economy following the end of World War II can be discerned from the official records of the period. According to Verweij, "Records from both governmental and non-governmental organizations show that the environmental degradation was at its peak in the late 1960s and early 1970s" (2000:79). The structural changes that took place following reunification also had a significant impact on the economic performance of the Rhine/Ruhr area. In this regard, Braczyk, Fuchs and Wolf report that, "The problems of structural change and renewal in the Ruhr area have also caused problems for the economic performance of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) in general. Total employment in NRW grew less than the West German average. To a large extent this weaker performance can be attributed to labor market developments in the Ruhr area. Unemployment in NRW (12 per cent) is above the (West) German average (10.6 per cent) with a peak of 14.9 per cent in the Ruhr area" (1999:134).
While these structural changes introduced some constraints on employment and production in the region, they also created some new opportunity for diversification that have been increasingly important from an economic developmental...
Economic Analysis: The International Trade Market International trade plays an historically large role in the growth and prosperity of countries around the globe. Similar to the benefits that open trade within a country brings to that country's respective economy, trade on the international front improves the global market economy significantly. Trade generates competition, promotes the transfer and utilization of new technology and allows countries, customers, and businesses alike to access to
Subsidies involve help that is given to other countries so that they can reap more profit from what they are creating and exporting, while countervailing duties work to ensure that the taxes and tariffs that are paid by these countries are not excessive so that profit can still be made. Small businesses contribute a great deal to the exports that are created in these countries but if they cannot
The U.S. is a property owning civilization and a number of the people wanted land and housing. Americans however scarcely ever create savings. "The country itself lives on other countries' savings by issuing bonds to finance its excessive consumption. The current crisis began with cheap housing loans offered by banks. Banks provided loans but instead of holding the loan in their books, they packaged them into collateralized debt obligations (CDOs)
This is exactly the case with the European Union; a European-Union-Member-State that fails to pay on its public arrears will cause weakening of capital amidst its financers. The danger that this financial catastrophe will extend towards the remaining Euro-Area would position the ECB under immense stress to help and rescue the dissolute Member-State, despite the fact that this move may undermine Euro-Area value in the progression (Eichengreen and Wyplosz,
(Chandrasekhar and Ghosh, 2005) Chandrasekhar and Ghosh state that the macroeconomic policy in China resulted in macroeconomic mechanisms that "differed substantially from those in predominantly market-driven economies. These differences relate to the availability of monetary or fiscal levers of the kind available in market economies, to the nature of the institutionally determined transmission mechanisms and to the outcomes of what appear to be similar policies. Only inasmuch as "economic reform"
Principal-Agent Model in Economics and Political Science The international political perspectives of free trade A Global Analysis International Trade Impact on Tunisia The Export of agricultural products International trade and development of Tunisia Balance in the Trade Regime Imports and exports of Tunisia Exports Imports Coping With External and Internal Pressures The Common External Tariff (CET) Safeguard Measures Anti-Dumping Duties (ADDs) and Countervailing Duties (CVDs) Rules of origin The New Commercial Policy Instrument Sector Based Aspects GATT/WTO's Main Principles Non-discriminatory trade Multilateral negotiation and free trade The Trading Policies
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