Reuveny, Rafael, and Quan Li. "Economic Openness, Democracy, and Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis." Comparative Political Studies 36.5 (2003): 575-601. Print.
The period studied was 1960 - 1996 and the analysis included 69 countries. National income inequality is measured from a Gini coefficient data set. The authors established that democracy is able to reduce income inequality, while foreign direct investments increase income inequality. The authors note income inequality declines when there is economic development, which confirms their hypothesis that democracy does reduce income inequality.
Solt, Frederick. "Economic Inequality and Democratic Political Engagement." American Journal of Political Science 52.1 (2008): 48-60. Print.
The study was conducted to establish the effect of economic inequality on political engagement. The authors discovered that higher levels of income inequality will depress political interest and this will result in the individuals continuing being marginalized. Democracy has the potential to reduce this inequality if it embraces these individuals instead of the most affluent citizens.
Knutsen, Carl Henrik, and Simone Wegmann. "Is Democracy About Redistribution?" Democratization 23.1 (2016): 164-92. Print.
This is an empirical study aimed at establishing the individual opinions of citizens on whether progressive taxations and redistribution are the central characteristics of democracy. A majority of people associate redistribution with democracy, but it was surprising that few considered redistribution to be a central characteristic of democracy. The people who believe that redistribution is central to democracy are the ones who have more to gain and belong to the lower classes.
Huber, Evelyne, and John D Stephens. "Income Inequality and Redistribution in Post-Industrial Democracies: Demographic, Economic and Political Determinants." Socio-Economic Review 12.2 (2014): 245-67. Print
The authors wanted to analyze the determinants of the market income distribution. Understanding the reason for increased income inequality would help in determining the appropriate policies that could counter this rise. This article aims at establishing what causes the rise in inequality with an aim of proposing...
References
Huber, Evelyne, and John D Stephens. "Income Inequality and Redistribution in Post-Industrial Democracies: Demographic, Economic and Political Determinants." Socio-Economic Review 12.2 (2014): 245-67. Print.
Iversen, Torben, and David Soskice. "Information, Inequality, and Mass Polarization: Ideology in Advanced Democracies." Comparative Political Studies 48.13 (2015): 1781-813. Print.
Knutsen, Carl Henrik, and Simone Wegmann. "Is Democracy About Redistribution?" Democratization 23.1 (2016): 164-92. Print.
Reuveny, Rafael, and Quan Li. "Economic Openness, Democracy, and Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis." Comparative Political Studies 36.5 (2003): 575-601. Print.
Solt, Frederick. "Economic Inequality and Democratic Political Engagement." American Journal of Political Science 52.1 (2008): 48-60. Print.
Identifying Opportunities to Reduce Income Disparities in South Africa Today and In the FutureDespite the end of apartheid in the early 1990s, South Africa remains racially and economically segregated. The country is beset by persistent social inequality, poverty, unemployment, a heavy burden of disease and the inequitable quality of healthcare service provision. -- Katusha de Villiers (2021)In 2019, the World Bank recognized South Africa as the most unequal country in
This also implies inadequacies in fiscal sustainability, which influences investments in private sectors. The second channel happens through the level, composition and quality involved within the public investment, which shows the level at which the public investment replaces the private investments (Schmidt- Hebbel, Serven, & Solimano, 1996). The final channel regards the level of taxation on the corporate earnings and the rules applicable in depreciations. There have been arguments that fiscal policy
Literature Review, Analysis and Discussion 7,500 words This section presents a review of the recent relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning environmental sustainability in general and how environmental sustainability initiatives can help multinational corporations of different sizes and types achieve a competitive advantage in particular. Literature Review. According to Michalisin and Stinchfield (2010), "There is widespread consensus that human activity has had a significant impact on global climatic patterns which will have
NAFTA Historical Beginning of NAFTA (with specific bibliography) NAFTA Objectives What is NAFTA The Promise of NAFTA NAFTA Provisions Structure of NAFTA Years of NAFTA (NAFTA not enough, other plus and minuses).. Environmental Issues Comparative Statements (Debate) NAFTA - Broken Promises NAFTA - Fact Sheet Based Assessment NAFTA & Food Regulation NAFTA - The Road Ahead NAFTA in Numbers Goal Fulfillment Major Milestones Consolidated Bibliography This study set out to examine the inner workings of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The aim of this study is
(Chandrasekhar and Ghosh, 2005) Chandrasekhar and Ghosh state that the macroeconomic policy in China resulted in macroeconomic mechanisms that "differed substantially from those in predominantly market-driven economies. These differences relate to the availability of monetary or fiscal levers of the kind available in market economies, to the nature of the institutionally determined transmission mechanisms and to the outcomes of what appear to be similar policies. Only inasmuch as "economic reform"
It also appeals to conservatives who are interested in charity-based social supports, and wish to see individuals and communities, rather than the state, providing solutions to persistent problems such as poverty or social exclusion. It also holds appeal for neo-liberal states that seek to bolster social engagement without addressing structural issues such as changes in employment forms and decreases in social service expenditure (Bezanson,2006)." On the other hand, the versatility
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