Richter would likely agree with Fixico that understanding the role of Iroquois mythology is vital to understanding how the tribes expressed themselves within the League. The ritual responsibilities towards the village, tribe, family of the Iroquois does show what Fixico calls a "visual and circular" orientation, rather than a linear and verbal tradition, and all tribes' interpretations of history eschewed easy linear interpretations of the relationship of the past to the present (Fixico xii). "Clans had reciprocal obligations centering on ceremonial gift giving and mutual ritual duties" (Richter 21). The League's conflicts with its Indian and new European neighbors, were marked with conflict because of perceived a lack of reciprocity regarding trade (Richter 52). Yet this increase in trade came at a heavy price -- a fragmentation of the alliances of the League, the internal culture of reciprocity, and more conflicts between the Iroquois and neighboring tribes. Eventually, however, the type of tribal reciprocity that had existed in the past could not stifle the escalating tensions between the different composite League factions based in real-world issues. More and more of the League tribes became dependant upon relations with Europeans rather than between the League members themselves. At times, some Iroquois tribes favored the French, for example, because of their individual tribe's need for trade. As the French supporters began to gain in power tensions between...
European economic customs began to be adopted from the mid 1700s on. The Iroquois, once so dependant upon war as a part of their cultural expression, thus became increasingly dependant upon the Europeans for their defense, and goods and weapons, including alcohol. The reciprocal relationships of the tribes became less important, and individual families became the social unit, mimicking the European model. Alcoholism and immigration also tore the tribe apart. The Iroquois began to sell more of their land and sign more treaties with the Europeans. In response to their contact with European culture, their culture had changed.
Colonization Features of colonization The present day global stratification is a result of the colonization and conquest by European nations of the indigenous nations most of which were in Africa. Direct colonization largely ended but the ideology that came with colonization still lingers on in people's identity within their cultural spheres as well as their political, social and economic practices. Colonization began with entry of the colonizers forcefully into the indigenous nations.
Imperialism and African Colonization: Imperialism is empire building and occurs when one state is more powerful than the other state's obstacles (such as peoples, geographic obstacles, physical obstacles and technological obstacles) to expansion. Imperialism became a popular cause for the first time in Western countries in the 1890s due to a significant degree by propaganda that sought to make nationalism and imperialism popular (Pieterse par, 2). Towards the end of the
Colonization: A Necessary Evil? Harold Larrabee in his essay "The Enemies of Empire" poses many difficult, thought provoking questions regarding colonization. After reading the discussion of American colonization presented in the book "The American People: Creating a Nation and Society" the ambiguities of the situation become more apparent. Diverse rationale for the colonization of a nation have been around since the inception of the concept. Some viewed colonization as a moral duty,
Of course, while technology and military strategy helped assist the Spaniards in their conquest of Mexico, one cannot overlook how important European diseases were in the conquest of the New World. Diseases such as the bubonic plague, measles, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and influenza had been circulating in Europe for approximately 2000 years. These diseases are referred to as virgin soil epidemics, because the populations at risk had no previous contact
While the early colonists' risks were great, however, so were their rewards. An immediate reward for their decision was distance and limited freedom from the Tyrannical George III, a place to worship freely, and an atmosphere ripe for virgin success. Long-term rewards include eventual freedom, democracy, and the founding of one of the world's most powerful nations. Unlike the risks, most of which were rather obvious for travelers during the
While there were some advantages, in British India, Indians were seen as second-class citizens, and they lived in a Third World country with few modern conveniences. In 1947, the country gained their independence from Great Britain, but the agreement also created Pakistan, and created divisions between Indians that have never mended, as a result. India has evolved into a democracy that is becoming more industrialized and modern by the day.
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