Verified Document

Recidivism Rates And Causes Research Paper

Recidivism Rates and Causes The objective of this research is to examine recidivism rates and causes for recidivism. According to the work of Moak, Lawry, and Webber (2007) "The United States prison system is one of the worst prison systems in the world. In comparison to other countries, the United States has more individuals incarcerated per person than any other." (Moak, Lawry, and Webber, 2007) The incarceration rate in the United States as of 2006 is reported to be at a rate of "1 out of 136 adults." (Moak, Lawry and Webber, 2007) The 'World Prison Population List' demonstrates that while some countries have similar incarceration rates, most of the countries in the world have rates that are much lower rates. (Moak, Lawry and Webber, 2007, paraphrase) It is reported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics that researchers "…following a cohort of state prison inmates released in 1994 found that 67.5% of those discharged were rearrested within three years. This represents an increase of 5% over a similar study of prisoners released in 1983. Additionally, 46.9% of released prisoners were reconvicted for a new crime within three years and 51.8% were reincarcerated, either serving a new sentence or having committed a technical violation of their parole conditions. The decreasing emphasis on prison programs intended to provide skills training and counseling for prisoners for their eventual reentry into the community is leaving released inmates largely unprepared to successfully reintegrate into society." (The Sentencing Project, 2009) Furthermore, most arrests are reported to happen within the first year of the offender's release and "a significant portion of arrests results in a conviction and the individual's return to prison." (The Sentencing Project, 2009)

I. Release of Prisoners Back Into Society & Reintegration

This high rate of incarceration indicates that many adults will be relapsed in the near future back into society however, "due to the stigma that has been associated with having spent a portion of a life in prison, or even just having a criminal record in general, these newly released ex-prisoners are finding it increasingly difficult to reenter the workforce." It is reported as well that "Ex-offender reintegration programs, whether they start during or after incarceration, are a major challenge that have not achieved much progress or success in the United States in the past twenty years, as shown by the high recidivism rate of approximately 70%." (Moak, Lawry, and Webber, 2007)

When an individual is released from prison, it only makes sense that the system should assist them with integration back into the society to enable them to become a productive member of the workforce instead of simply becoming a "..drain on the economy. The harder this is for someone who has lived a life a delinquency, the easier it is for them to give up and go back to what comes easy." (Moak, Lawry, and Webber, 2007) The work of Joel Dyer entitled "The Perpetual Prisoner Machine" states that prisons are filling up faster with no effort being made to stop this trend and that this trend can be blamed on "fiscal reasons, cultural outlook and extreme punishments for many non-violent offenders." (cited in: Moak, Lawry, and Webber, 2007)

Dyer holds that the primary reason that no effort is being made to prevent incarceration are financial related "…due to money being put towards making prisons to deal with the large prison population instead of towards rehabilitation. He not only explains that there is not much being done to change this, but also that he believes that at the rate we are going, in 20 years our funding for prisons will rise to the point where it will "…result in… the consumption of most of the tax dollars now being collected by our state governments." (Moak, Lawry, and Webber, 2007)

The right to vote has been removed in 48 states for those who are serving time for felonies and upon the release of the offenders some states are continuing to deny the right to vote while the individuals are on probation or parole. Moreover, two U.S. states permanently deny the right to vote following incarceration. This results in much less pressure being placed on politicians to assist ex-offenders The high recidivism rate could be attributed to this lack of representation since those affected by the problem are not able to actively participate in government." (Moak, Lawry, and Webber, 2007)

Moak, Lawry, and Webber (2007) state that the prison industrial complex "…is not only a set of interest groups and institutions; it is also a state of mind. The lure of big money is corrupting the nation's criminal-justice system, replacing notions of safety and public service with a drive for higher profits. The eagerness of elected officials to pass tough-on-crime legislation -- combined with their unwillingness to disclose the external and social costs of these laws -- has encouraged all sorts...

Re-Entry Program -- Ready4Work
The primary program that has been implemented for offender's reintegration into society upon release is the "Re-entry Initiative, sometimes referred to as Ready4Work, which was established in 2004 in President Bush's State Of The Union address. This program aimed to assist ex-offenders by enrolling them in various employment-based programs that would hopefully increase their worth in the job market in future years." (Moak, Lawry, and Webber, 2007) A report was completed on the Re-entry Initiative programs success following two years in operation.

Findings show that the program functions by:

"…contacting prisoners while they are still in prison. They do this by developing relations with Department of Correction officers so that they can make contact with the prisoners earlier in the hopes that this will have a greater effect on the actions they take when they leave. The program consists of training programs for many areas including a job readiness course that involves a series of workshops designed to improve skills such as interviewing, resume writing, work attitudes, and behavior. In addition to this the program assigns each participant a caseworker that regularly meets with the ex-offender in order to make sure they are still on the appropriate track to success. The caseworker is an integral part of the program and as a result of this, has caused the program to be likened to parole in some cases." (Moak, Lawry, and Webber, 2007)

III. New Jersey 'Historic Package of Bills'

It was reported January 11th, 2010 that the state of New Jersey Legislature passed "a historic package of bills -- with broad bipartisan support -- that will stop the revolving door of recidivism…" (The Sentencing Project, 2010) The provisions of the bill include the following:

(1) Strengthening Women and Families Act (A4197/S1347)

This lifts the ban on food stamps and TANF benefits for individuals with felony drug convictions who have dependent children, which will leverage federal funding, saving state dollars, to support families as well as provide federal dollars to support treatment to keep addicts off drugs, away from crime, and from returning to prison.

This further establishes a commission to strengthen bonds between incarcerated parents and their children.

In addition this encourages incarcerated individuals to be placed in facilities as close as possible to family. (The Sentencing Project, 2010)

(2) Education and Rehabilitation Act (A4202/S11)

Makes a requirement of the New Jersey Department of Corrections (NJDOC) to ensure that incarcerated individuals attain the 12th-grade education proficiency level.

Conducts a review of vocational programs in order to meet demand job skills and standards.

Placement of all incarcerated individuals with less than two years before release in community corrections. (The Sentencing Project, 2010)

(3) Reduction of Recidivism Act (A4201/S502)

This makes provision to individuals leaving prison with written notification of fines, outstanding warrants, voting rights, and expungement options; a government-issued ID card; birth certificate; a list of prison programs participated in; medical records; Social Security card; medication; a one-day bus or rail pass; and a rap sheet.

This eliminates the post-release Medicaid enrollment gap.

This requires the NJDOC to report to the Governor and Legislature on the results of recidivism-reducing measures. (The Sentencing Project, 2010)

IV. Basic Principles to Consider

The Sentencing Project reported in 2009 that the United States incarcerates a higher number of individuals than does any other country in the world. In addition, "policymakers regularly increase the number of crimes and the length of criminal sentences. We imprison children with increasing frequency, sometimes to serve the rest of their lives in confinement. Our prison system is filled with non-violent offenders for whom other responses would be both more effective and more just. Some of our prisons are not just overcrowded, they are bursting at their seams, causing unsafe conditions for inmates and guards." (The Sentencing Project, 2009) The Sentencing Project states the following basic principles that should be considered when considering a reform to the criminal justice system:

(1) Fairness and Accuracy -- The criminal justice system should treat individuals fairly by providing access to all safeguards and services afforded both by law and common sense. Such treatment includes:

Providing to people charged with crimes the presumption of innocence, effective representation, and equal access to a fair day in court;

Ensuring the appropriateness and accuracy of law…

Sources used in this document:
References

Smart on Crime: Recommendations for the Next administration and Congress: The 2009 Criminal justice Transition Coalition 5 Nov 2008. Retrieved from:

http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/inc_transition2009document.pdf

MOak, R., Lowry, R., and Webber, B. (2007) A Study On The Causes of Recidivism in Massachusetts (EPOCA Project) A Reach for Community Advancement. Retrieved from: http://blog.masslive.com/localbuzz/2008/04/rymoakIQPFinalDraft.pdf

New Jersey Passes Legislation to Stop the Revolving Door of Recidivism: Strengthen Families and Cut Costs to Tax Payers. (2010) The Sentencing Project. 11 Jan 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.sentencingproject.org/detail/news.cfm?news_id=842
Recidivism of State Prisoners: Implications for Sentencing and Corrections Policy (2009) The Sentencing Project. Washington, DC. Retrieved from: http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/inc_recidivstate.pdf
Stephan, J.J. (2008) Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2005. Bureau of National Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/bjs/csfcf05.pdf
Cite this Document:
Copy Bibliography Citation

Related Documents

Recidivism External and Internal Factors
Words: 2993 Length: 10 Document Type: Research Proposal

Areas that have minority groups like African America and Hispanics are known to have high incidences of gang related crimes than the other all white neighborhood (Rice 1975).Gang crime is deeply rooted in such neighborhoods, making it very easy for the residents, especially the young people to fall prey to gang related crimes. People living in such areas have a high tendency of recidivism than other areas, because once

Recidivism This Proposal Is Conducting a Study
Words: 2586 Length: 8 Document Type: Research Paper

Recidivism This proposal is conducting a study using intervention and community orientated strategies to reduce recidivism rates. According to the Justice Department, these levels are at 43.8%. This is because the individual breaks the conditions of their parole / probation or commits new crimes within three years of their release. ("State of Recidivism," 2006) To reduce recidivism a new approach must be taken that will concentrate on dealing with the root

Recidivism for DUI Offenders Who
Words: 5575 Length: 20 Document Type: Term Paper

Since GPS tracking costs around $300 plus a monthly service fee that is similar in price to a pager or cellular phone, it would be very expensive to outfit everyone requiring electronic monitoring with a tracking device (Under, 2001). As has been mentioned, the main problem with electronic monitoring is the fact that it can only do so much. it's really very limited in what it can tell the police.

Recidivism Group Project Recidivism Is
Words: 670 Length: 2 Document Type: Term Paper

The other brochure would be addressed to the prison counselors. These would contain research findings and the actual causes of recidivism. The third brochure would be distributed to relevant agencies like the state prison department. This brochure would contain facts on recidivism and urge the department to target the main sources of recidivism directly. We would like to draw their attention towards psychological aspect of recidivism. According to Quinsey

Prison Life and Recidivism Generally, Recidivism in
Words: 2550 Length: 8 Document Type: Essay

Prison Life and Recidivism Generally, recidivism in the justice system context entails the tendency amongst former prisoners or criminals to go back to their criminal lives mainly upon release from prison. In this case, recidivism rates are measured by having a look at the number of former prisoners re-incarcerated within a given time period. It can be noted that in basic terms, high recidivism rates are in most cases associated with

Arizona State Legislature Recidivism the Topic of
Words: 1716 Length: 5 Document Type: Essay

Arizona State Legislature Recidivism The topic of recidivism in the Criminal Justice System has actually been long researched. It has actually likewise been suggested over for numerous other aspects regarding the degree of its efficiency. Recidivism is specified as the duplicating of an unfavourable activity after experiencing unfavourable results from that activity or getting treatment for that activity. In concerns to the criminal justice system, recidivism happens when one individual is arrested

Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help

Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.

Get Started Now