Reagan Doctrine
Scholars studying U.S. foreign relations have long argued that there is great continuity in the conduct of Presidential Administrations. Very often, a policy started by one President continues under the next one. This has especially been the case since World War II. For example, while President Truman began to assist the French to re-take Indochina from local revolutionary forces, in a purported attempt to contain communism, President Eisenhower began to send U.S. advisers to continue the struggle against Communism. President Kennedy escalated it by sending more advisers and President Johnson turned it into a full-scale war. Nevertheless, scholars also note that some Presidents come up with a doctrine that separates them from others. During the Cold War, doctrines pursued by U.S. Presidents, one way or another, dealt with containing Communism. But it was President Reagan who specifically outlined a doctrine, calling for an outright sponsorship of guerilla forces who were trying to overthrow Communist or pro-Soviet regimes (Roskin & Berry, 2012). The pursuit of the doctrine left a mixed legacy, as it has helped end the Soviet regime on the one hand, but also contributed to the deaths of tens of thousands of people in Central America on the other.
When Ronald Reagan presided over the Presidency of the United States, the Cold War was at a hot point, both Western and Eastern blocs maintaining a policy of "mutually assured destruction" (MAD), ensuring that an attack by one bloc would provoke a retaliatory strike that would destroy the other. The policy prevented both camps from attacking each other directly. Both the Soviets and the Americans, however, engaged in proxy wars throughout the Third World, supplying their own allies, be they governments or revolutionary forces, with cash, weaponry, and political support. President Reagan entered the Oval Office a few months after the Soviets had demonstrated their resolve by invading Afghanistan. Reagan believed that the policy...
Espionage Burds, Chapter 19 Golden Age of Soviet "Illegals" Cambridge Five: Burgess, Blunt, Maclean, Philby and Cairncross These five were all discovered to be spying for the Soviets. Cairncross was never caught. He supplied Stalin with secrets that helped the Soviets stay ahead of British Intelligence, especially at the Battle of Kursk Cairncross also informed Stalin of ULTRA, when Churchill was hiding ULTRA from Stalin Cairncross supplied a total of 5832 documents to the Soviets Cairncros had been
history of events in the twentieth century, one might surmise that the twenty-first may not be all that different. Why? Because human nature and the pursuit of self-interest has not changed from one century to the next. To explain what drives international relations, Joshua Goldstein provides a brief history of the world, in addition to information about the geographical features and the consequences of different nation's economies. (Goldstein, 2003)
In an unprecedented move, Khrushchev denounced many of Stalin's excesses and set about changing Soviet policy towards the developing world. This change, some call it flexibility, was the branch the Soviets offered to developing countries, like Cuba. Looking around and seeing the alienated or disenfranchized, Khrushchev felt the time was right to solidify alliances with anticolonialists in Ghana, the Congo, and especially, Cuba (Hopf). After the Bay of Pigs fiasco,
Unemployment stands at a respectable 4.6%. Well, fine. But the other side of the ledger groans with distress: a tax code that has become hideously biased in favor of the rich; a national debt that will probably have grown 70% by the time this president leaves Washington; a swelling cascade of mortgage defaults; a record near-$850 billion trade deficit; oil prices that are higher than they have ever been;
American Religious History Defining fundamentalism and liberalism in Christianity is hardly an exact science, especially because prior to about 1920 there was not even a term for fundamentalism as it exists today. While present-day fundamentalists often claim descent from the Puritans and Calvinists of the 17th and 18th Centuries, Puritans were not really fundamentalists in the modern sense. They were not in conflict with 20th Century-style liberals and supporters of evolution
Catholic church and public policy have remarked that the members of American clergy in general, without even excepting those who do not admit religious liberty, are all in favour of civil freedom; but they do not support any particular political system. They keep aloof from parties, and from public affairs. In the United States religion exercises but little influence upon laws, and upon the details of public opinion; but it
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