Very near the beginning of World War II, Karl Dussik began exploring ultrasound technology for diagnostic purposes by "attempted to locate brain tumors and the cerebral ventricles by measuring the transmission of ultrasound beam through the skull" (Woo 7). This experiment produced disappointing results, and the development of this apparatus was not pursued further because of the elaborate set-up, and lack of clear visual representations of the brain.
However, at about the same time in Hamburg, Germany, Heinrich Netheler and Wolf-Dieter Keidel were independently working on developing ultrasound technology for the purpose of diagnosis. Where most development on the topic was still focused on the treatment of diseases, both Keidel and Netheler presented papers to the First Congress of Ultrasound in Medicine held in Erlangen, Germany in May, 1948, on the potential of ultrasound technology use in the diagnostic field.
The first diagnostic research conducted in the United States was released as a report to the public in 1949. Though the research had been going on for quite some time, it was being explored under the supervision of the military by a young Lieutenant at the Navel Medical Research Institute by the name of George Ludwig. He conducted research on animal tissue that included such experiments as attempting to detect the presence of human gall stones that had been embedded into animal tissue.
Ludwig's efforts were integral to the advancement of ultrasound technology in the diagnostic arena.
Among other important original findings, Ludwig reported the velocity of sound transmission in animal soft tissues was determined to be between 1490 and 1610 meters per second, with a mean value of 1540 m/sec. This is a value that is still in use today. He also determined...
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