Illegal Corporate Activities
Clinard's publication concerns corporate violations of stipulated laws by 582 public corporations in the United States of America. In addition, the extent and nature as well as the economic settings the violations occurred are also looked at. The study used data from the firms' sales to calculate their levels of diversification and levels of concentration among other variables. In this paper, the publication in scrutiny used sources of data though they never gave in-depth information on all violations; this makes this analysis lean on one side and may not give the actual results.
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is used here to summarize the study sample as well as the observations that have been made. The main summary used is quantitative form of the data. From the data outlined in the first codebook, the five-year mean for corporate sales is 99. This is the logged value for the five years mean of corporate sales (Clinard & Yeager, 1987). The actual number is coded. The mean for R&D expenses/Sales is given as 9.999999 with the mean deviation standing at 9,999,999. The mean for labor expenses/sales is also given as 9.
In addition, the mean income per total assets is calculated to be 9,999,999 with the actual number likely to rate higher; the actual number is not given in this article. The mean for net income per average common equity is formulated as 999.9999. This is calculated as Ace = Equity (Time T) + Equity (T-1)/2 resulting in the deck identification of '02'. The mean for debts vs. assets is 9,000,000; Total Debt = long-term debt + liabilities.
Moreover, the mean for sales per total assets is given as 99.99999. Retained earnings against total assets are given as 9.999999 while the mean for current assets minus liabilities is also the same. Furthermore, the mean for assets per employees for the five years is given as 99.0000 having a deck identification number of '03'.
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