They understand what the other party cares about so completely that each party is able to act as an agent for the other." (Lewicki and Tomlinson, 2003) at this stage of trust Lewicki and Tomlinson state that "a strong emotional bond between the parties" (2003) has been formed.
Violations of trust occur when the individual holding "confident positive expectations of the trustee are disconfirmed." (Lewicki and Tomlinson, 2003) the result is lower trust because research has shown that violation of trust result in a stifling of "mutual support and information sharing" (Lewicki and Tomlinson, 2003) and in organizations "exert negative effects on organizational citizenship behaviors, job performance turnovers and profits." (Lewicki and Tomlinson, 2003) Violation of trust generally results in the individual who has extended trust: (1) making a cognitive appraisal of the situation; and 2) experiencing a distressed emotional state." (Lewicki and Tomlinson, 2003) single isolated violation of trust may cause serious damage and even destroy trust so badly that it cannot be repaired however, "a pattern of violations may be needed to create serious damage to the relationships. Lewicki and Tomlinson relate that the severity of the offense may be along a continuum "from low to high" (2003) and may be considered severe on the following bases:
Magnitude of the Offense: indication of the seriousness of the consequences incurred by the victim.
Number of Prior Violations - when a clear patterns of trust violations exists, even if they are all of a minor nature when viewed in isolation, the overall pattern of trust violation may be considered a serious breach
Specific Dimensions of Trust: violations that are related to integrity and benevolence are experienced most often as being more severe and damaging that violations that are based on ability. (Lewicki and Tomlinson, 2003; paraphrased)
Rebuilding trust has been held by many to be impossible however Lewicki and Tomlinson draw upon "recent research indicating a more optimistic view..." (2003) However, the caution is stated by Lewicki and Tomlinson that "rebuilding rust is not as straightforward as building trust in the first place. After trust has been damaged there are two key considerations for the victim: (1) dealing with the stress the violation imposed on the relationship; and 2) determining if future violations will occur." (2003)
The primary question at this point is stated by Lewicki and Tomlinson to be: "Is the victim willing to reconcile?" (2003) Reconciliation is active effort between both parties to restore a relationship that has been damaged and to "strive to settle the issues that led to the disruption of that relationships. Reconciliation is a behavioral manifestation of forgiveness, defined as a deliberate decision by the victim to surrender feelings of resentment and grant amnesty to the offender." (Lewicki and Tomlinson, 2003) the following diagram illustrates the possible actions that may occur depending upon the victim's willingness to reconcile the relationship, or not to reconcile.
Possible Actions of Victim Whose Trust is Violated
Source: Lewicki and Tomlinson (2003)
In order for trust to be rebuilt in a relationship the individual who is referred to as the "offender" because of the violation of trust must take an active role in facilitation of the reconciliation and this is most likely to occur when the offender holds a real desire to rebuild trust and "is skilled at perspective taking" or the ability to "visualize the world as it appears to someone else." (Lewicki and Tomlinson, 2003) in the 'identification...
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References http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101936297 Blocher, DH (2000). The Evolution of Counseling Psychology. New York: Springer. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102034235 Darlington, Y., & Scott, D. (2002). Qualitative Research in Practice: Stories from the Field / . Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10079016 Hoagwood, K., Jensen, P.S., & Fisher, C.B. (Eds.). (1996). Ethical Issues in Mental Health Research with Children and Adolescents. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99086817 Lewis, D. (1960). Quantitative Methods in Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9395983 Newman,
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