¶ … psychological work of John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman, along with the impacts that these three had on society. This paper will also compare and contrast these three iconic psychologists.
Edward C. Tolman is said by author Bernard J. Baars to have been the "…only major figure" in the emerging field of behaviorism "…who advocated the possibility of mental representation" (Baars, 1986, p. 61). Baars writes that more than any other behaviorist Tolman "anticipated…the cognitive point-of-view… [and] thought it necessary to postulate events other than stimuli and responses" (61). Tolman has made significant contributions to psychology, including: a) the use of cognitive maps in rats; b) the "latent learning" he pioneered though the use of rats; c) the concept of "intervening variables"; and d) the discovery that rats don't just learn their movements "…for rewards" but rather they also learn when no rewards are given, backing up Tolman's "latent learning theory" (Geary, 2002, pp. 2-3).
Tolman basically had ideas that required a belief in "…unobservable representations," and "purposes" -- and this placed him outside the boundary of "truly scientific psychology" (Baars, 62). However, Tolman is given credit for developing a theory of learning, positing that learning develops from "…bits of knowledge and cognitions about the environment and how the organism relates to it" (VanderZwaag, 1998).
John B. Watson, meanwhile, actually coined the term "Behaviorism" along the way to his attempt to "revolutionize the study of human psychology" (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- IEP). His approach was "radically different" from other psychologists, the IEP explains: Watson's approach led, "scientifically, 'to the ignoring of consciousness' and to the illegitimacy of 'making consciousness a special object of observation'"...
Yes, rote behavior might require direct reinforcement. But "stimuli play a cognitive role as signals to the organism, leading to the formation of "cognitive maps" and to "latent learning" in the absence of reinforcement." For example, a child may learn how to kick a ball and receive praise from a parent, but the child honing his or her skill later in life is not merely seeking praise, but has
Freud vs. Watson Sigmund Freud and John B. Watson Sigmund Freud and John B. Watson were chosen for this essay due to the distinct differences between the two. Freud is known as the Father of Psychoanalysis and Watson is known as the Father of Behaviorism. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), was an Austrian physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and is recognized as the founder of psychoanalysis (Freud pp). He is regarded as one of the most
Clinical Psychology and Gender Dysphoria Advancement of Clinical Psychology with Gender Dysphoria Clinical psychology is recognized as a psychology branch that deals with the assessment and treatment of abnormal behavior, mental illness, and psychiatric problems (Brennan, 2003). Clinical psychology integrates the science of psychology with treatment of complicated human problems, which makes it a challenging and rewarding field. American psychologist Lightner Witmer introduced the term in 1907. Witmer defined clinical psychology as
4, Privacy Information, Limits of Confidentiality 16. Does the site have a waiver that clients must electronically sign or mail in before beginning counseling that specifically states the limits of ensuring confidentiality over the Internet? Confidentiality: a.4., Limits of Confidentiality; Confidentiality: c., Client Waiver Source: Shaw & Shaw, 2006, p. 42 Other changes that will undoubtedly influence the types of codes of ethical conduct mandated for counselor in the future will be the enormous
Group Addiction TX Theory Selection The Psychodynamic Model The Behaviorists The Cognitive Model The Humanistic Model Theory Analysis Ethical and Cultural Considerations Group Development Personal Model Psychology has a long tradition of interpreting human behavior across different paradigms. The current paper investigates a method of incorporating four main psychological paradigms: psychoanalytic, behaviorist, cognitive, and humanist, into group counseling treatment for addictions and compulsive behaviors. Each paradigm is briefly discussed then the integration of aspects from theoretical models that spring
Starting from 19th century psychology, school of thought of behaviorist shared commonalities and as well ran concurrently with the 20th century psychology of psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements, however it was different from Gestalt psychologists' mental philosophy in significant ways. Psychologists who had major influences in it were Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. Watson, they opposed method of introspective and advocated to use of experimental methods: Ivan Pavlov, investigated classical conditioning,
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