While Germano et al. cite nearly no evidence for their argument, Lehr's article is packed with research regarding not only how students see revision and the writing process, but also about how teachers can address the problem. The information is specific, pointing to certain grade levels, activities, etc. A closer look at these two articles, then, reveals that they have more similarities than differences. In fact, the only major difference between the two is the audience and factual information contained in the articles. In addition, these differences are warranted given the articles' different purposes. Germano et al.' s article can almost be seen as an extension of Lehr's -- encouraging professionals to take the same advice that they give their students. In fact, it is expressly because of their similarities and different audiences that readers can have a greater understanding of the writing process, especially revision, by analyzing them together. The fact that both articles suggest problems with student and professional revision stem from psychological and attitudinal reasons is of utmost importance. At first suggestion, it would seem odd that one scholar, let alone two, would identify psychology as the reason behind students and professionals' difficulty grasping the writing process. Still, the idea that writing and re-writing are punishment has been instilled in the American culture since its earliest days. A common punishment for students who misbehaved in class or did not have their work done was writing repeated lines on paper. Students have been forced to write book reports as punishment for not completing their work in class. Teachers who had back student drafts covered in red marks make students feel as if they are not good writers, even if the teacher comments that the students' ideas were interesting. While it is Lehr who focuses on the psychological aversion to revision based on the writing as punishment mentality, Germano et al. suggest that revision is psychologically attached to failure for professionals. Indeed, what professional does not loose heart when she receives a letter stating,...
Both articles implied that the first step to overcoming the difficulties that all writers face in the revising process is to acknowledge those difficulties. Writers need to understand that their struggle with revision may be psychological, and teachers need to understand that this may be true of their students. Adopting an attitude that sees revision as writing, struggling with ideas, and honing them, much like the pre-writing process -- will be both crucial and ultimately beneficial to writers at any level who seek to undertake any form of writing, whether it be poetry, creative fiction, or academic research. Thus, the contributions made by both Germano et al. And Lehr to the understanding of the writing process and especially revision are important, accurate, and insightful.
Rape is an anti-social phenomenon that needs to be dealt with extreme care since it not only has drastic effects on the victim but also on the colleagues, peers, family members and community people in their proximity. This is a book reaction paper on "Lucky" written by Alice Sebold, in which she recounts her experiences of the rape and her journey to recovery after that. The further sections of the
Blassingame presents his information in a more unbiased manner. Perhaps he was worried of being accused of bias because he was black, and so, he worked hard to eliminate it from his work. Whatever the reason, his book seems the most balanced and effective of all these works, partly because he does not moralize, he simply presents the facts, as he knows them. Later he writes that the whites often
In the beginning, the narrator describes that the house has not yet fallen, but that the decay of the building is so extreme, it is unlikely to remain upright for long. The same is true of the people inside. They live in a kind of living death, waiting for the end to claim them. The idea of dual life and death culminates in Roderick's sister, whose image in perceived death
Bauman summarises these factors by referring to the methods of scientific and bureaucratic rationality and logic which reached extreme levels during this period in Germany. While on the one hand bureaucratic rationality can be seen as a positive aspect in relation to the ordered development of society, it can also be seen as the underlying cause that led to an atmosphere of moral distancing and irresponsibility. 3. Context In respect to the
Treatments An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Psychological and Critical Incident Stress Debriefings The world in which we live today is an ever-changing, precarious environment. Many individuals, for these very reasons, experience stressful, life-altering incidents much more often than in the past. These experiences, transmitted more rapidly than ever thanks to newly discovered technologies, can harm an individual greatly, especially if hidden from expert analysis, and can provoke long-lasting psychological, emotional
" (Halpin and Burt, 1998) DuBois states: "The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife -- this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost. He would not Africanize America, for America has too much to teach the world and Africa. He would not bleach
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