¶ … Theory
Classical psychoanalysis is the most challenging of all the psychotherapies in terms of time, cost and effort. It is usually conducted with the patient lying on a couch and with the analyst seated out of his/her sight, to hear what the patient has to say. The treatment sessions last about 50 minutes and are normally held four or five times a week for at least three years. The primary technique used in psychoanalysis, as well as in other dynamic psychotherapies, which consists in permitting the unconscious material to enter the consciousness of the patient, is called "free association."
According to Freud, the patient "is to tell us not only what he can say intentionally and willingly, what will give him relief like a confession, but everything else as well that his self observation yields him, everything that comes into his head, even if it is disagreeable for him to say, even if it seems to him unimportant or actually nonsensical. The difficulty of the procedure stands in the fact that for a person to speak his/her inner thoughts is a departure from years of trying to conceal them to others. Free association also present difficulties because the patients find it hard to remember repressed feelings or experiences, which are related to intense and conflicting emotions never resolved.
Attentive listening and empathy from the therapist allows the patient to express thoughts and feelings which will later allow for the discovery of underlying emotional conflicts. During treatment, the patient will try to "blame" someone for the distress he/she feels, and this person if often the psychoanalyst. This is how patients often arrive to having all sorts of feelings, ranging from love to hate and from rivalry to rejection toward the psychoanalyst. This process, the projection onto the psychoanalyst of behaviors and feelings that have originated in earlier relationships is referred to as "transference." The manner in which the analyst handles the transference is crucial to the success of the psychoanalysis. The general conception is that the patient discovers the nature of his/her unconscious feelings and then becomes able to acknowledge them. The therapist directs the patient's attention to important aspects, of which he/she seems unaware, usually relating to links between the past and present, the emotional responses to the therapist and the important people in the patient life. These feelings are then regarded in a much more dispassionate way and from a tolerant perspective, as the patient feels liberated from their influence in future behavior.
The patient gradually learns to trust the therapist and becomes increasingly able to talk candidly and sincerely about his/her most intimate feelings and thoughts. Individual dynamic psychotherapy is also similar to psychoanalysis but involves a less formal environment, as the therapist and the patient are seated, so eye contact may be achieved.
It is certain that, in these conditions, that the relationship between the therapist and the patient is very close. Psychoanalysis allows the therapist to go very deep into the soul of the person he/she is treating. Therefore, the social and ethical aspect strongly influences the bond between the two. Used in social work, psychoanalysis may present a series of contradictions and may even prove harmful to the final purpose of helping people, in some cases.
2-How theory fits with the Life Model Schema: life transitions, environmental stressors, interpersonal obstacles. If it does not fit schema, explain where incongruities exist.
Psychoanalysis has dealt with issues such as life transitions, environmental stressors and interpersonal obstacles for a very long period of time. Although its specific methods are not always similar to those of affiliated sciences, such as psychology or psychiatry, when it comes to social work, psychoanalysis may prove extremely useful in treating those illnesses that are unapproachable for the other psycho-sciences, due to their nature.
Psychoanalysis, at least in its Freudian form, concentrates on the individual and the early development stages, without considering environmental factors as much as psychology, for instance. Interpersonal obstacles are attributed to a lack of adaptation to social norms, produced by internal factors in the individual, and not by the inadequacy of social factors.
However, these elements are not totally alien to psychoanalysis. Modern research has taken into consideration all the conditions that may influence the mental health of the patient, while concentrating on the inner self of the individual. This is why it is now used on a large scale in social work - it provides a unique insight to a person's soul. Therefore, any incongruities that may appear should be overseen and integrated into the larger goal of helping people.
3- Discuss compatibility of theory...
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