Hormone Replacement Therapy
Menopause and Its Consequences
Menopause is that inevitable and irreversible time when a woman's reproductive cycle and menstruation periods gradually end, as her ovaries cease to respond to male gonadotropins and her capacity to become pregnant stops (Mayeux, Jr. 1997). This spontaneously occurs between 45 and 55 in American women, with 51 as the median age.
A woman's ovaries at the menopause are nearly empty of primary follicles - which, in child-bearing age, are abundant, mature and can be fertilized by the male sperm cell, resulting in conception and pregnancy. At menopause, the ovaries' production of the hormone called estrogen becomes very minimal, and this altered condition of a lack of estrogen produces many unpleasant symptoms in approximately 70% of all postmenopausal women (Mayeux, Jr.). These symptoms include hot flushes and extreme warmth, profuse sweating, tremor, irritability, and depression. Physically, the female reproductive organs shrink and lose their fullness. The vaginal pH turns more alkaline and it becomes more prone to chronic vaginitis, which is accompanied by itching, discharge, and tenderness. Pelvic ligaments and muscles also loosen and often result in bladder prolapse and stress incontinence (Mayeux, Jr.). The breasts also shrink and sag. Furthermore, osteoporosis develops when there is severe depletion of estrogen.A number of women lose sexual interest and abandon usual activities as a result of a perceived loss of femininity and attractiveness.
Estrogen/Hormone Replacement Therapy (ERT/HRT)
Most of these symptoms can be eliminated, minimized or reversed by estrogen replacement therapy. Even low doses of.01 mg of ethinyl estradiol or.625 mg of Premarin daily are effective in relieving genital atrophy, vaginitis and dyspareunia, orally/systematically...
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