The Crusades of the eleventh century brought the learning of the Islamic world to Europe unfortunately this information was acquired by the act of war. The Crusades also increased the flow of trade, bringing new spices, gemstones and foods to Europe. The Crusades marked the beginning of religion as the basis for society. The Pope and the Catholic Church emerged as the leaders of society and religion as the unifying morality.
Rather than a change in politics, a mini-renaissance occurred during Romanesque period. The study of art, science and culture brought about a change in architectural styling and building materials; increased use of rounded arches and barrel vaults emerged at the same time as the use of metal, enamel, ivory, bronze, gold, stain glass and embroidery were being used to decorate clothing, art and buildings.
The Romanesque period lead to the Gothic period, which transitioned to the Renaissance. The Gothic period saw a continuation of the power of the Church. The church was the patron of the arts and this was reflected in the biblical stories told in art and architecture. During the Romanesque period the acquisition of knowledge came to a complete halt due to famine and the plague.
During the Byzantine Empire religion was the focal point of individual and collective life. The Byzantines are remembered for their ability to create alliance, which extended their power. The Islamic civilization focused on the humanistic notions of individualism, liberalism, religious freedom and cross-cultural exchange. The art of management focused on a leader and their establishment of a moral conduct for the community. During the Crusades, management evolved to code of behaviors for the knights. Chivalry created the manners and mores of society and guided the behavior of knights. The knights treated each other with respect and managed as a group of equal partners. This respect and equal partnership carried over to the Romanesque period as households combined to create cottage industries. Each neighbor was in charge of a specific process in the creation of a final product and they worked as a unified team without a formal leader. During the Gothic era cathedrals became the center of town where citizens gathered for religious services, town meetings and markets. The size of the cathedrals created complex projects over many decades of construction. The Gothic period introduced the art of long-term project planning and systematic project management.
The tools and techniques of construction grew more sophisticate as time progress. Builders during the Byzantine Empire utilized ramps, levels, levers, pulleys and winches as well as the mathematical concepts of angles and arches. Byzantine builders improved the supporting structure of domes and the use of buttresses. The Islamic Golden Age added cranes to the toolkits of builders. Additionally, the Islamic community contributed to the craft of sculpting and the use of marble, composites and metal as building materials. During the Crusades the main purpose of buildings was protection against invaders, which including very thick exterior and interior walls and the creation of motes. The need for security brought about innovations in cranes, ramps, pulleys and winces. Complementing these innovations were improvements in stone masonry including faster production and shorter construction timeframes. The Romanesque period saw the creation of interior design, creating rooms for specific purposes. Comfort of the residences became a focal point with innovation in heating and cooling, plumbing and running water. During the Gothic period builders began to interior lighting study the use of building height to create better lighting in the cathedrals. Gothic architects began to develop small-scale models to test the stability of the buildings. The creation and use of flying buttresses, rib vaults and pointed arches created tall structures that maximized the availability of interior light. To construct these cathedrals the crane became a treadmill, which allowed for control of the compass and clasp arms providing more control of horizontal and vertical movements.
From the Byzantine Empire to the Gothic period, the master-builder as architect expanded to include both functional and decorative design. The design process began to take into account the proposed use of the structure, the impact of nature's elements to the building and the residents and the desire for comfort. The mater builders became the conduit for communications between the client, usually the Church, and the workers. The master-builder was becoming the project manager. Master-builders began to document their architecture designs and worked to educate each other on construction techniques and project management. During the Romanesque period, the works began to organize themselves into guilds of specific crafts and trades, which created monopolies and its co-respondent power.
The master-builder continued as the master architect, designer and planner and the structures they created became more complex....
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