The Crusades of the eleventh century brought the learning of the Islamic world to Europe unfortunately this information was acquired by the act of war. The Crusades also increased the flow of trade, bringing new spices, gemstones and foods to Europe. The Crusades marked the beginning of religion as the basis for society. The Pope and the Catholic Church emerged as the leaders of society and religion as the unifying morality.
Rather than a change in politics, a mini-renaissance occurred during Romanesque period. The study of art, science and culture brought about a change in architectural styling and building materials; increased use of rounded arches and barrel vaults emerged at the same time as the use of metal, enamel, ivory, bronze, gold, stain glass and embroidery were being used to decorate clothing, art and buildings.
The Romanesque period lead to the Gothic period, which transitioned to the Renaissance. The Gothic period saw a continuation of the power of the Church. The church was the patron of the arts and this was reflected in the biblical stories told in art and architecture. During the Romanesque period the acquisition of knowledge came to a complete halt due to famine and the plague.
During the Byzantine Empire religion was the focal point of individual and collective life. The Byzantines are remembered for their ability to create alliance, which extended their power. The Islamic civilization focused on the humanistic notions of individualism, liberalism, religious freedom and cross-cultural exchange. The art of management focused on a leader and their establishment of a moral conduct for the community. During the Crusades, management evolved to code of behaviors for the knights. Chivalry created the manners and mores of society and guided the behavior of knights. The knights treated each other with respect and managed as a group of equal partners. This respect and equal partnership carried over to the Romanesque period as households combined to create cottage industries. Each neighbor was in charge of a specific process in the creation of a final product and they worked as a unified team without a formal leader. During the Gothic era cathedrals became the center of town where citizens gathered for religious services, town meetings and markets. The size of the cathedrals created complex projects over many decades of construction. The Gothic period introduced the art of long-term project planning and systematic project management.
The tools and techniques of construction grew more sophisticate as time progress. Builders during the Byzantine Empire utilized ramps, levels, levers, pulleys and winches as well as the mathematical concepts of angles and arches. Byzantine builders improved the supporting structure of domes and the use of buttresses. The Islamic Golden Age added cranes to the toolkits of builders. Additionally, the Islamic community contributed to the craft of sculpting and the use of marble, composites and metal as building materials. During the Crusades the main purpose of buildings was protection against invaders, which including very thick exterior and interior walls and the creation of motes. The need for security brought about innovations in cranes, ramps, pulleys and winces. Complementing these innovations were improvements in stone masonry including faster production and shorter construction timeframes. The Romanesque period saw the creation of interior design, creating rooms for specific purposes. Comfort of the residences became a focal point with innovation in heating and cooling, plumbing and running water. During the Gothic period builders began to interior lighting study the use of building height to create better lighting in the cathedrals. Gothic architects began to develop small-scale models to test the stability of the buildings. The creation and use of flying buttresses, rib vaults and pointed arches created tall structures that maximized the availability of interior light. To construct these cathedrals the crane became a treadmill, which allowed for control of the compass and clasp arms providing more control of horizontal and vertical movements.
From the Byzantine Empire to the Gothic period, the master-builder as architect expanded to include both functional and decorative design. The design process began to take into account the proposed use of the structure, the impact of nature's elements to the building and the residents and the desire for comfort. The mater builders became the conduit for communications between the client, usually the Church, and the workers. The master-builder was becoming the project manager. Master-builders began to document their architecture designs and worked to educate each other on construction techniques and project management. During the Romanesque period, the works began to organize themselves into guilds of specific crafts and trades, which created monopolies and its co-respondent power.
The master-builder continued as the master architect, designer and planner and the structures they created became more complex....
The 1960's were also characterized by project management development. The discipline and practice of project management were influenced by a series of new techniques and tools like earned value, or work breakdown structures. Project management's importance became even more obvious in the 1970s when it became a permanent function for companies working with projects. This is the time when a series of institutes and organizations designed for project management started to
This differentiation refers to the management and administration of the agricultural resources of the kingdom. This in turn involved an organized network of royal foundations. (Wilkinson 116) the second area of administrative concern was the processing of government revenue and "…its redistribution to the various state operations…" (Wilkinson 116) Wilkinson in his book also deals extensively with managements issues in relation to the Egyptian treasury. (Wilkinson 125) In understanding the
The authors encourage case managers who have HIV / AIDS patients to make an active effort to move beyond the patient as a number in their load, and understand that these individuals are often so disenfranchised that they so need a medical advocate. In most cases, by the time the case manager becomes involved, the individuals are either so traumatized or so ill that they are most certainly not
To date, little research exists on the actual costs and benefits of project management. Much of the information that exists is a product of advertising materials distributed through the project management firms. Little unbiased information regarding the value of project management exists. This research will provide an unbiased view of the benefits and costs of the project manager. Aviation managers will be able to use this information to make decisions
A more definitive explanation is; "... A proposed explanation for a phenomenon." (Scientific Reference) a hypothesis should be able to be tested and functions as a directive for further research. In my research study for example, the hypothesis that was explored was that certain circumstances in different historical periods affect the development of the areas of expertise and their application to project activities. These circumstances include social and cultural movements;
Project Management in a Legal Context Project management is increasingly becoming a popular and preferred way of contending with inter-organizational ventures that are out of the ordinary. When the functions of a project require the involvement of specialized personnel and skill sets which may not be readily represented from within the company to the fullest extent demanded, it may be appropriate to organize a project team. This might be comprised of
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