¶ … Confucianism, Catholicism and Islam between 1450 and 1750.
Three major religions, located at diverse axes of the world, Catholicism, Confucianism, and Islam, were faced with similar problems and challenges in the years between 1450 and 1750. Catholicism encountered a militant Protestant Reformation in the shape of Martin Luther King that espoused religion whilst criticizing the Pope. Confucianism, in the shape of the renowned philosopher and politician Wang Vangming, grappled with a future that threatened to challenge its traditional learning and way of life whilst Wahhabism introduced fundamentalist religion into an Islam that had gradually become more secular and detached from the Koran-simulated way of life. The following essay elaborates on their individual problems and challenges.
Catholicism.
Luther's Protestantism effectively ended the many years of sole religious monopoly that the Catholic Church had on Europe. At the same time, Catholicism was also threatened by the new Humanism that tentatively insisted, first weakly then ever stronger, that man was as equally as the Church in charge of his destiny and ruler in the world. Humanism was characterized by changes in Arts, agriculture, general culture, and exploration to other parts of the world and most importantly the printing and the scientific revolution all of which opened people's minds up to new ideas. Renaissance was followed by the Enlightenment that, particularly towards the end and specially so in the shape of thinkers such as Hume, Rousseau, and many other French philosophes, questioned religious authority and religious claims to sole and eternal truth. Whilst both Protestantism and Humanism challenged Catholicism, each ironically differed from the other. The first looked to the past, namely to religion seeking its inspiration therefrom, whilst the second looked to the future and to man's ability to overcome travails and create his future, not through religion, but through his own resources.
Protestantism's challenge to Catholicism can clearly be seen in Luther's appeal to the Christian people (1p.751). Luther is not denying the truth of Christianity. He avows his belief in Jesus and allies himself with the Gospel. It is only the Pope (and this is a huge step) whom he denounces...
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