Probation and Parole: Supervision
Probation and parole agencies supervise offenders in the community. Once an offender has been granted probation or parole, a probation or parole officer is assigned to supervise the progress of that offender in the community.
There is a conflict over the duty and specificities of supervision. To some, supervision is based upon the casework model where supervision forms the basis of a treatment program. In other words, the parole officer draws up a plan of treatment for the parole based upon his or her character and needs, and, using all the information available and resources at his service, designs a treatment plan. The treatment plan is a combination of the parole's needs (e.g. employment), and ways that the parole can satisfy these needs (e.g. attending a life-skills program). The probation officer's endeavor and strategy will assist the parolee in meeting these needs and in finding and attending the perquisite courses.
Structuring the program is only one part of the job. The probation officer also has to supervise the parole and this is where surveillance comes in: "Surveillance is that activity of the parole officer, which utilizes watchfulness, checking, and verification of certain behavior of a parolee without contributing to a helping relationship with him" (Studt, p. 65).
Some criticize the dual assignments of surveillance and treatment seeing them as contradictory and non-feasible to maintaining, but others see them as complementary. The latter see the Probation officer as having a dual mission: to rehabilitate the offender and help him or her acclimatize to society, whilst, simultaneously, protecting society from possibly harmful, even dangerous, individuals. Surveillance can also be done in a mentoring sort of fashion, in which case surveillance itself becomes a form of rehabilitation.
Offenders are generally given one of three forms of supervision:
1. Minimal i.e. little or no formal reporting is required;
2. Regular -- here the offender reports to the probation officer on a regular schedule, and,
3. Intensive -- where strict and extremely regular reporting sessions are required.
An intensive supervision program is often...
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