Pressure Ulcers/Case Study Bedsores are also known as pressure ulcers. They are lesions that are primarily caused when soft tissues are pressed against bone for a long period of time, restricting blood flow to the area. These often occur when a patient is immobile or reclining in a recovery bed for a long period of time. They are common on the hips, elbows, knees, ankles and even the back of the head. Current research shows that they are exacerbated by other conditions like diabetes, perspiration, incontinence, infection, or medications that impair the circulatory system. Pressure ulcers are particularly serious in older patients -- particularly those in a wheel chair or in cases in which the patient does not move or exercise. Bedsores are often fatal, even when treated aggressively and are one of the leading causes of death from complications in many developed countries -- second only to adverse drug reactions (Preventing and Treating Pressure Ulcers, 2009).

Pressure ulcers are best treated through preventative care -- turning the patient regularly so blood flow is not compromised, using catheters or impermeable dressings to keep the bed sheets dry, and shifting patients who are paralyzed on a regular basis or using pressure-distribute mattresses. Additionally, higher levels of Vitamin C seem to have an effect on those who develop bedsores, and in their healing (Preventing Pressure, 2011; Meschino, 2011).

Ironically, even though Medicare/Medicaid do not reimburse, or do not reimburse fully for pressure ulcers, more than 2.5 million people in the United States develop the sores. Within acute care, the incidence is up to 38% and in long-term care 24%. There is a far higher rate of pressure ulcers within intensive care units, likely due to immune compromised individuals, with 8-40% of patients developing the sores (Pressure Ulcers in America, 2001). In fact, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced as far back as 2008 that it would no longer reimburse hospital for treating pressure ulcers because they are, in the view of the agency, preventable. Refuting this notion, however, are several academic papers and professional medical societies. This view holds that there are clinical circumstances in which pressure ulcers are unavoidable, even with excellent multidisciplinary care. Because the skin is the body's...

Both the nursing facility and hospital often cross-refer patients, and there is a close relationship between the two facilities. Within a few days after admission, the hospital staff notices a pressure ulcer and claims that the sore was caused by the nursing facility. The nursing facility claims that there was no documentation of any skin issues prior to discharge and that the hospital is to blame. Besides the clear moral and ethical issues, there is also an issue of payment from Medicare, which classifies bedsores as "never events." Thus, there are several arguments surrounding this type of event.
Practical Issues - The gist of the argument goes beyond healthcare management and into medical ethics and the bureaucracy of healthcare. Medicare Part A is hospital insurance that helps cover care in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities. In general, it covers inpatient care and inpatient rehabilitation costs. Medicare Part B covers medically necessary services: doctors', medical equipment, home health care and services or supplies that treat a medical condition. Medicare Part D is specifically for Prescription Drug Coverage and once enrolled covers costs based on co-payments, a yearly deductible, the costs of the medication and the pharmacy used. In any case, the pharmaceuticals will be less expensive than they would be without coverage (Medicare.gov).

Further, there is not a great deal of research available on the timing it takes a pressure ulcer to appear. There are a number of factors that affect the issue: predisposition, actual health status, nutrition, severity of injury or surgery, pharmacological profile, weight/size/body dimensions, and more. Based on what research is available, findings indicate that pressure ulcers are likely to develop between the first hour and 4-6 hours after sustained loading onto the tissues (Gefen, 2008). Thus, in this case, it is more likely that the pressure ulcers developed after the patient was transferred to the hospital -- but possible that the final day of care at the nursing facility contributed…