¶ … prescriptive aspects of LMX theory. Cite the source IN TEXT. (create a section of the paper for each of these aspects AND USE THE QUESTIONS AS HEADINGS)
LMX theory can be viewed from both a descriptive and prescriptive vantage points and in each case there is a dyadic relationship between the leader and their followers (Northouse, 2010). There can be both in-group and out-group relationships between the leader and their subordinates that represents a descriptive use of the concept. The in-group members are willing to do extra work and are more dedicated than the out-group type of subordinates. Because of this it is common for leaders to give this type of followers more of an empowered role in which they have more responsibility and can do more without being micromanaged. By contrast the out-group type of employee will need to be monitored more closely and will work more along the lines of their job description or contract without putting in any extra effort in their roles with the organization.
The prescriptive aspect was introduced by Graen and Uhl-Bien (1991) and states that effective leadership will attempt to make all subordinates evolve into the in-group type of relationship. This approach focuses on the relationships between the leader and the follower and prescribes that a leader constantly work on building relationships and providing trust to employees that can empower them to go beyond the out-group type role. The prescriptive aspect of the theory also suggests that leaders should treat both groups in roughly the same way and that with effort the out-group individuals can be nurtured into filling an in-group...
Labeling Theory of Deviance Labeling theory integrate well into radical criminology as it perceives criminal behavior to be defined by society. The powerful in the society like the judges, parents, police, to mention but a few tend to label the less powerful. Ones conduct is never classified as right or wrong but as a deviant behavior. It is not only criminal behaviors that are treated as deviant. The society's alcoholics and
Labeling Theory Criminality is an unfortunate but inevitable component of human society. As much as people would like to believe that there is a way to create a type of community that has no crime, psychologists and other experts in the field of criminology have done research and created various hypotheses which show that criminality is actually an inevitability under any circumstances where large numbers of human beings interact and then
Labeling Theory Originating in sociology and criminology, labeling theory (also known as social reaction theory) was developed by sociologist Howard S. Becker (1997). Labeling theory suggests that deviance, rather than constituting an act, results from the societal tendency of majorities to negatively label those individuals perceived as deviant from norms. Essentially, labeling theory involves how the self-identity and behavior of individuals determines or influences the terms used to describe or classify
Labeling Theory and Juvenile Crime Do we perform to expectations? One study of gifted children suggested that this was the case: in an experiment, teachers were told that certain pupils in their classroom had tested as 'gifted.' Almost immediately, the teachers began to treat these children differently, and the children began to perform at a higher standard. However, the teachers had actually been intentionally misinformed -- the children had been selected
Labeling Theory: Theories of Deviance In sociology and criminology, labeling theorists were among the first to suggest that crime was not produced by inherent defects within the individual’s biology or character, but rather was a social construction. Labeling theorists suggested that crime was the result of society’s need to label certain individuals as deviant. This labeling became a self-fulfilling prophesy, to the point that the labeled individuals made their deviant label
Labeling theory The labeling theory is one of the various social behavior theories that seek to explain the cause of deviant behaviors within the society. Here, the theorists tend to describe deviant behavior as behavior that which becomes deviant only when labeled so. This approach tends to explain why the labeling theorists are not much interested in what causes the primary deviation. They tend to shelve the question of what causes
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