Pregnancy outcome and the time required for next conception, Jain (1969) looks at a large group of presumably fertile women and seeks to determine the average age of conception after a previous pregnancy or the length of time between pregnancies in the absence of birth control. According to the study the average length of time between pregnancies remains high in those under the age of 20, then levels out to spike again in individual women according to advancing age. Additionally the outcome of the pregnancy was also considered, where those who had live births ending the pregnancy or fetal death via natural or artificial means also experienced shortened pregnancy intervals, though higher among ages less than 20 and which gradually increases with maternal age.
Hypotehsis
The paper hypothesis surrounds an empirical exploration to add to the knowledge base regarding the length of pregnancy interval by age of women and to help provide an inferred length of amenorrhea among these same women all in the absence of contraception, with the assumption that in the absence of contraception the natural pregnancy interval will be determined.
Statistical Methodology
The methodology employed is demonstrative of a simple mean and variance report, where the average was determined and then a variance among all participants was determined. The mean is determined in this study by adding all the interval lengths in months of all the participants and then dividing by the number of participants to determine the average between them. The mean is then calculated based on both maternal age as well as the outcome of the pregnancy i.e. live birth, termination of pregnancy and infant death at birth, prior to one year of age and after one year of age. The variance is determined by finding the square of the standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance. The sample is derived from a 2,443 sample of surveyed individual married women who recorded their pregnancy histories prior to beginning a family planning program, in Taichung (Taiwan) known as the Intensive Fertility Survey (1962). The sample are then weeded out by eliminating the data associated with those who reported any contraception use (only about 7%). (422) Additionally the researchers then further reduce the statistical analysis data by eliminating the first pregnancy interval or the time it took from marriage to first pregnancy end, as well as the last (open)pregnancy interval the last pregnancy end to the survey time so as not to skew the data unnecessarily. The work also notes two statistical biases that are significant for obtaining accurate data and then attempts to account for them statistically, a truncation bias where the researchers believed that the collective data of all women irrespective of age would bias the results, to account for this possible bias the researchers offered statistical analysis of two methods of data analysis. One where the interval determination was the same for all participants and one where the age was measured at the beginning of pregnancy intervals for age groups less than 20 and 20-24 and at the end of pregnancy intervals for the age groups 25-29,30-34 and 35-39. (424-425) The second potential bias discussed is a memory bias, associated with the inability of individuals to remember pregnancy...
In the twenty-first century, women should have easy access to available resources to assist them in their pregnancy. In addition, available technology to detect difficulties during pregnancies is widespread in the medical field; however, disadvantaged women in Atlanta, Georgia do not benefit from these resources. Each year, maternal care expands in resources and knowledge. Equipped physicians can diagnose birth defects long before a mother gives birth. Absurdly, poor twenty-first
Antenatal Education Systematic Review Antenatal education programms In pregnant women, how does group antenatal education compare to no antenatal education or individual antenatal education for improving outcomes of childbirth and parenting? In pregnant women, how does group antenatal education compare to no antenatal education or individual antenatal education for improving outcomes of childbirth and parenting? Antenatal education programs are key in improving maternal health all over the world. They have been widely embraced in
However, certain elements of traditional Christian theology are centered on Mary, and the degree of emphasis that those elements receive can be very telling about Mary's actual role in the religion. For example, the connection between female chastity and religious observance seems to have been established by God's choice of a Virgin to carry his son. God did not have to choose a virgin to bear his child, but
The world would now be required to accept socialism, Leninism, and eventually Stalinism, as part of the European landscape. With the defeat of Germany, Austro-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire; the shift in the balance of power moved toward the only major participant not devastated on its own soil by war -- the United States. The U.S. grew in economic power after Versailles, assisting not only its former allies in rebuilding,
"It is not just a Catholic and Protestant Debate"(13). Some Catholic statements, like the 1968 papal encyclical Humanae Vitae, condemn the practice on grounds of the created order, which is thought to be structured in such a way that all sexual expression must be open to procreation. Other statements, notably various declarations issued from 1969 to 1989 by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) in the U.S. appeal instead
.....theoretical perspectives to understand human development is stage theories, which postulate that human development takes place in different stages and change throughout the life span (Lerner et al., 2013, p.466). Erikson's Psychosocial Theory is an example of a theory under this perspective, which state that there are eight stages of psychosocial development that are biologically developed to manifest in a pre-determined, sequential way. Through this theory, Erikson effectively demonstrates that
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now