Of these 620 participants, 446 reported at least one DSM-IV-TR experience in the past. Smith also reports that 70 university students were sampled as well. The assessment authors conducted another sample to measure reliability. The study included 257 undergraduate students, 191 clinical patients, and 58 participants recruited through flyers and newspaper advertisements (Smith). Both samples were primarily female, 74% in the university sample and 80% in the community sample, as well as Caucasian, 84% in the university sample and 77% in the community sample (Smith). The mean age was 19.6 in the university sample and 35 in the community sample.
Boothroyd reports the following reliability and validity data for the DAPS. The majority of the 13 scales have Cronbach coefficients above .8, and internal consistency estimates on the Positive Bias scale range from .61 to .80. The internal consistency coefficients for the Negative Bias and Relative Trauma Exposure scale range from .49 to .67. Additionally, three types of evidence to support validity of scores are provided: the relationship of DAPS scores with conceptually important variables, its convergence with similar measures, and its discrimination from less-related measures. Smith adds that the correlation between the symptom scales and the symptom scales of other inventories are in the .60 to .80 range.
The normative sample for the PDS include 248 participants recruited from Veterans Administration hospitals, anxiety and PTSD treatment clinics, women's shelters, emergency/trauma centers, fire stations, ambulance corps, and residential rehabilitation centers who had experienced a trauma-inducing event more than a month prior to the study (Axford). Doll adds that the study was limited to five East Coast states and two Midwestern cities. Additionally, low- and upper-income subjects were somewhat overrepresented while Hispanics and other minorities were somewhat underrepresented in the study (Doll).
Doll reports the following reliability and validity...
This study drew the researcher inside with its warmth and obvious care for children. One weakness, the researcher notes, however, is the implementation of a specific example of implementing related literary techniques. Application to the School Setting The implementation of specific literacy strategies appropriate to aid children of abuse, as Haeseler (2006) recommends, the researcher contends, would prove to be a positive practice. The researcher would be concerned if this would
It is difficult to get an accurate record of the actual number of children that have been sexually abused. Many cases never come to light and because of differences in definitions of sexual assault, some cases are missed (658). Researchers have begun to explore the concept of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with children and adults that were victims of sexual assault. Many times people associate particular events with particular stimuli. For
While there are approximately 5 million people suffering from the illness at any one time in America, women are twice as likely to develop PTSD as compared to men. In relation to children and teens, more than 40% has endured at least a single traumatic incident contributing the development of the disorder. However, PTSD has occurred in nearly 15% of girls as compared to the 6% of boys. Causative Factors
Post traumatic stress disorder is given as psychological reaction which take place after one has gone through a stressful event .the characteristics of PTSD are anxiety, depression, recurrent nightmares, flashbacks and avoiding things that are a reminder of the event. There have been increased reports of mental health problems among soldiers who have been deployed in war zones like Afghanistan and Iraq. The paper will look at two articles that
, 2010). This point is also made by Yehuda, Flory, Pratchett, Buxbaum, Ising and Holsboer (2010), who report that early life stress can also increase the risk of developing PTSD and there may even be a genetic component involved that predisposes some people to developing PTSD. Studies of Vietnam combat veterans have shown that the type of exposure variables that were encountered (i.e., severe personal injury, perceived life threat, longer duration,
PTSD Post=traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious psychiatric disorder caused by extreme stress under dangerous or potentially dangerous situations. People with PTSD may have been raped, or abused, sexually or otherwise in childhood, have witnessed or experienced some disaster, such as earthquake, fire or flood, or it may be acquired from wartime experiences. Although PTSD was first entered into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1980 (Harbert, 2002), its effects
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