, 2000; Sullivan et al., 2007).
Recidivism data typically comes from a record review and record follow-up with the probation officer of the clients. More long-term data can also be implemented in the form of clinical interviews for clients who have successfully completed their probationary periods. Probation officers are good sources of information regarding recidivism and also regarding any potential relapses and substance abuse or psychiatric issues. Variables in the analysis are typically compared to similar offenders in a treatment as usual group (e.g., Leon et al., 2000). Outcome variables of interest are alcohol or drug use, crime, HIV risk behavior, psychological symptoms, and employment status (Grella, & Shi, 2011). These variables can be operationalized such that they can be comparable both within and between groups. Within groups comparisons can look at pre/post measures of substance abuse, psychological symptoms, and employment status. Between groups measures can look at all of these variables at pre/post evaluations. A specific interest is long-term follow-up data that should extend at least 2 to 5 years (Grella & Shi, 2011).
Implications for Counselors
There are several implications for counselors. First, counselors can assess their own effectiveness in treating and dealing with very difficult conditions such as substance abuse/dependence and the more complicated dual diagnosis issue. Secondly, data can be mined to provide an idea of what interventions appear to be effective in increasing client motivation, compliance of abstinence, and assisting with psychological well-being. This data would require counselors to keep records of their interventions and successes with their clients. Finally, the broader issue of the societal benefit to counseling with these individuals could be partially answered. Good research will ask as many questions as it does answer questions. This will allow for the continued investigation into these issues and the development of more effective interventions.
References
Beck, A.T., Brown, G., & Steer, R.A. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory II manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation
Center for Co-Occurring Disorders (2006). Overarching principles to address...
Dual enrolment has become a popular phenomenon in the education realm in the last one decade. Community colleges are increasingly collaborating with high schools to enable high school students undertake college-level courses while still in high school. This prepares high school students for the realities of college education and socialises them into the norms, attitudes, behaviours, and expectations of college life, in addition to reducing the time and cost of
How Are Dual Immersion Programs Implemented? Christian, Howard & Loeb (2000) describe how dual immersion programs are implemented and the effect that they have on students. The goal for these dual immersion programs is to develop a high level of proficiency in both the first and the second language, as well as grade level academic achievement and cross-cultural skills. Dual immersion programs are implemented according to the student population. The features
Dual credit programs have been around for decades, allowing a large body of evidence to emerge. The evidence from the past twenty years have also permitted longitudinal studies that reveal the efficacy of dual credit programs in promoting models for peace in higher education. Dual credit programs are executed differently in different states. Program feature diversity and results from empirical literature also permits the body of literature to inform best
S. government is not in favor of dual citizenship as a policy matter due to the problems it might bring. But there is a felt need that dual citizenship must be allowed because of considerable rise in global migration from other nations into America. Dual citizenship benefits the American society in more ways than one. Economic advantages are primary, as also social and political benefits. Besides, it also assists in
Abstract Dual enrollment programs have become mandatory in about half the states. Although Hawaii is not one of those 25 states with mandatory dual enrollment programs, the state does have some comprehensive solutions for providing all high school students with the benefits of dual enrollment programs. Through policies and programs like GEAR UP, Running Start, and Early College, the Department of Education of Hawaii has made dual enrollment a reality for
S. have tried to govern themselves. You can use the Internet, but don't use the Internet exclusively. Also, try to research different nations, not just the U.S. I've given a brief overview of the Bill of Rights, one of the most important and contested aspects of the Constitution, but look into the British system of government as well (which influenced the creation of our own) and France. And ask why
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now