¶ … SARA Model
The Scanning Analysis Response Assessment (SARA) Model of problem-oriented policing is an effective guide that essentially takes the form of "action research" in the sense that police participate in the problem-identifying/problem-solving method of investigation and testing (Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, 2016). SARA can therefore be applied in a realistic setting with positive impact, thus meeting the need for police officers to take a structured approach to problem solving and delivering solutions.
This paper discusses the components of the SARA model, how the Crime Triangle works (according to Routine Activities Theory), and how to focus on an outcome-based approach.
Crime is still a problem in the streets, even if crime rates are falling (Levitt, 2004). In many communities across the country heroin usage has exploded in recent years. One way to crack down on illegal drug use and drug trading is to employ the SARA model.
The SARA model can be employed by officers in the community by following the four steps of the model. These steps are
1. Scanning
a. Identify problems that recur within a community (in this case, the problem under scrutiny is drugs, specifically heroin)
b. Identify the impact of the problem -- the consequences (in this case, the impact is that teens and adults are becoming hooked on a deadly drug; families are being destroyed; theft and petty crime is escalating)
c. Prioritize (in this case, the issue of drug-related theft stems from the drug abuse, drug trade, which is the main issue and thus receives top priority)
d. Create an objective (in this case, the aim is to reduce drug use, which will then help to reduce theft, petty crime)
e. Confirm the existence of the problem (in this case, the existence is confirmed by daily/nightly runs of the EMS all over the community, called to bring ODs back to life)
f. Identify the frequency of the problem and how long it has been happening (this helps to give a background to the issue and allows officers to appreciate the full force and weight and scale and scope of the issue -- in this case, the heroin problem has been an issue since the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, so for more than a decade)
g. Focus on specific problems (in this case, the focus will be on inner city locations where drug sales are occurring)
2. Analysis
a. Know the circumstances, conditions/events that lead up to and are related to the problem (in this case, drug addiction, social environment and ease of access are the issues)
b. Describe the data that needs to be collected for analysis (quantitative data regarding drug usage in the community, arrests, convictions of sellers/users, etc.)
c. Perform studies of how the issues has been handled in the past
d. Note what current responses to the issue consist of and the degree to which they are effective
e. Be specific in adjusting the scope -- isolate on aspect of the problem at a time
f. Indicate resources that can help in better understanding the issue (in this case, performing interviews with drug users and sellers to better understand why they do what they do)
g. Hypothesize on why the problem is happening (in this case, produce a theory as to why drug/heroin use is on the rise and impacting so many
3. Response
a. Devise new methods of intervention (this could include community outreach, educational seminars in schools, street foot patrols that allow officers to better get to know the community, etc.)
b. Knowing how separate communities have dealt with the issue (this would include contacting other departments and council leaders across the country)
c. Deciding on the best intervention method
d. Developing an adequate response plan
e. Placing the goals at the top of the plan
f. Executing the plan
4. Assessment
a. Evaluate the implementation of the plan
b. Gather both qualitative and quantitative data both before and after the plan
c. Assess whether goals have been met
d. Look for ways to further develop the plan via new strategies
e. Continue to assess the situation and evaluate the overall effect of the implementation of the plan
Implementation of the SARA model of problem-oriented policing is dependent upon the application of the Crime Triangle, which itself utilizes criminal profiling as part of the process of establishing a routine activities theoretical perspective of the issue. For example, the first...
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