Even landscape plantings and pavement designs can "develop a sense of territorial control while potential offenders, perceiving this control, are discouraged" (Otterstatter 2008).
A well-maintained area can create a sense that the potential criminal is being 'watched' and that the property is not friendly to criminal activity. Visible monitoring devices, such as 'blue lights' on college campuses, which enable people who are assaulted to quickly summon the police, and the presence of electronic visual monitoring devices in open areas and in public places such as shopping malls can also decrease crime. Even if officers can not be present at every lonely corner, or even if these devices cannot be monitored 24/7, the visual reminder that some form of watchfulness is likely can be a criminal deterrent. So can what CPTED criminologists call "natural access control," or "a design concept directed primarily at decreasing crime opportunity by denying access to crime targets" such as limiting the creation of alleyways between buildings, for example, and brightly lighting as many places as possible where crimes may be committed (Otterstatter 2008). The CPTED policy of "target hardening," or maintaining window locks, dead bolts for doors, and visible interior door hinges simply makes it more difficult for individuals to commit crimes and thus act as deterrents. It is better and more cost effective to prevent rather than prosecute crime.
Of course, the ideal is to combine such environmental reforms with improved monitoring, and the active surveillance of identified potential or real criminals. But when this...
Police Recruiting Just like every other institution in the country, American policing system went through a long period of evolution to finally achieve the shape that it has today. And similar to other laws and institutions in America, even police recruitment methods were heavily borrowed from Britain. In the 19th century or at least for most part of it, American police was shaped after the British policing laws (O'Keefe, 2004). However
Police Codes of Ethics Virtually all police departments have some kind of formal "Code of Ethics," or guidelines that tell the members of the police force what is and is not acceptable behavior. The people these officers are sworn to serve and protect expect ethical behavior from those officers, and in fact there are times when public or individual safety depends on the officers' determination to act in ethical and honest
Police Ethics: Identifying Opportunities for Improvement Many people have are afraid of the police, and some would even argue they are afraid for good reason. Indeed, sensationalized and high-profile accounts of police brutality, corruption, sex scandals, malfeasance and abuse of power in the mainstream media have fueled this mindset in recent years. Further exacerbating this negative image of law enforcement are popular views of police extortion in the form of receiving
Police Ethics The research plan as outlined in the previous section is well on course and the outlined steps are relevant to the main objective of the research. There are however several challenges that are already being experienced. One of them is at section 1 where the types of sources to be used are to be identified. The difficulty is in classifying some sources like the police themselves among the sources
Officer two believes that these requirements may help an applicant reduce on-the-job mistakes. What is the most interesting aspect of their answers is that both officers indicate a greater level of experience and/or education than they report having. The implications of that may point to a training deficit and reveal that the officers were not wholly prepared for the rigors of their job when they began it. On the
The post-colonial state in Egypt was shaped by nationalism and nationbuilding, regionalism (pan-Arabism and pan-Islamism), contestations over legitimacy and interest-based and populist corporatism (Ayubi, 1991). More recently the focus shifted to discussions about civil society and democratization (Al-Sayyid, 1993; S. Ibrahim, 1995; S. Ibrahim (ed.), 1993; Norton (ed.), 1995; Zaki, 1995). In these works special attention has been given to Islamist organizations and their role in Egypt's 'civil society' associations
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now