The argument of course is based on the general consensus that the vision-driven scenarios are best suited for issues occurring at the organizational level while the decision-driven scenarios are best suited for decision and process level issues.

The concepts of scenarios and scenario planning

Several definitions exist of the terms scenarios and scenario planning. According to Porter (1985) "A scenario is an internally consistent view of what the future might turn out to be -- not a forecast, but one possible future outcome" (p.63) while Schwartz, (1991, p. 45) noted that a scenario is a tool used for the ordering of one's perceptions regarding an alternative future environments within which one's decisions might as well be played out. Scenario planning on the other hand was defined by Ringland (1998, p. 83) as the part of strategic planning that relates to the various tools as well as technologies that are used in the management of the future uncertainties. Schoemaker (1995, p. 13) on the other hand defined scenario planning as a form of a disciplined methodology that is used for effectively imagining the various possible futures in which a given organizational decisions may as well be played out.

The main outputs of any scenario planning are present in the definition that was provided by Chermack's (2005) that suggests that scenario planning should contain plausible alternative views/stories regarding the future, altered mental models, learning, organizational dialogues and improvised performance which is derived from the making of better decisions.

These outcomes are noted to be a synthesis of several different definitions of the concept of scenario planning.

While investigating the importance of scenario planning to strategic management practices, it is critical to note that there exists a big difference between the concept of scenario planning and that of scenario building. For the sake of our discussion, it is important to note that scenario planning is regarded as the overarching process of producing multiple plausible alternatives of the future environment and then effectively using these environments for the development of organizational strategy.

Vision-Driven scenarios and its application in strategic planning

Vision driven scenarios are employed in the identification of the relevant assumptions at a firm's macro environment. This implies that a lot of time must be spent in the analysis of the trends as well as forces that affect the macro environment. The forces that are normally considered for this process are the STEEP (Social, Technological, Environmental, Economic, and Political) forces. This is then coupled with insights that are gathered from in-depth interviews with the company's top executives, managers as well as organizational members. In order to differentiate between decision-driven scenarios and vision-driven ones, it is worth mentioning the work of Courtney (2003) who argued that the process of scenario planning is usually employed at the macro level in situations where innovative thinking on various unpredictable forces are necessary. The concept of vision-driven scenarios was further noted by Courtney (2003, p.14) to help managers and the executives to think outside the box as well as effectively question their own assumptions regarding the future.

Decision Driven Scenarios

The vision-driven scenarios on the other hand are noted to lack any specific direction or even commitment to any near-term strategic objectives/decisions. They are therefore often used for informing a well-specified strategic decision or choice. This choice is what is considered in a situation where the 'better' option is not easy to arrive at due to uncertainty over the exact impact of that specific choice.

The decision driven scenarios are usually employed in addressing of more specific issues like new product launches as well as in the case of deciding whether or not one should construct a new plant as noted by Courtney (2003). He argued that the application of broad vision driven scenarios are never appropriate in cases where one has to make several near-term decisions. The implication is that should one use this tool then failure is eminent.

Courtney's (2003) attempted to differentiate between the two scenarios by noting that the difference between them is rooted in the observed failures in some of the projects in which the project's scope as well as the problem for which the solution is being sort are mismatched. It is therefore paramount that managers and executives use apply scenarios to initially consider the specific time frame in which they will be operating as well as tell the nature of the problem that will need to be solved. Should they be dealing with problem that require near-term strategic decisions then the process of planning for the scenario must take a totally different path as compared to the one taken by managers who seek a more generalized view of a given project.

The stickiness of information

The increasing need for relying on processes that are knowledge intensive by organization that are managed by various interdisciplinary team is noted by Ford & Sterman (1998) to be another reason for preferring decision-driven scenarios. Information stickiness is a term which is used to refer to the level of difficulty in transferring information...

Stickiness was defined by Von Hippel (1998, p. 629) as the incremental expenditure that is required in order to transfer that unit of information to a specified locus in a special form which is deemed useable by a given information seeker. A low value denotes a low level of information stickiness while a higher one means that stickiness is high.
Several discussions of the concept of information stickiness have included even simple recognition that there is always a cost which is associated with the process of information transfer as well as the differentiation of stickiness and the concept of friction as indicated in the work of Ford & Sterman (1998).

Whenever information becomes sticky, a high level of expertise as well as specialized knowledge is usually required in the making of a particular decision. Szulanski ( 1996) noted that stickiness is the main characteristics of highly personal, specialized tacit knowledge that hinders easy transfer. The concept of stickiness is therefore the main difficulty in the transfer of tacit knowledge.

Conclusion

As noted by Sevaguru and Safa (2005), the concept of scenario planning can be regarded as an alternative tool for strategic management. This is because scenario planning, as a strategic management tool can effective help in the preparation of managers for any future possibilities. The futures in this case are what are referred to as scenarios and may reveal themselves or not in reality in the similar manner in which they were predicted. Such futures/scenarios can help in the provision of the possible options that can be appropriate for all possible circumstances to which the company may be exposed to. The whole idea is to get the entire management team exposed to the scenarios that may present themselves. There is therefore a need for adequate institutional learning in order to help the management and the organization as a whole to adapt to possibility of totally new scenarios.

References

Brodie, M., Weltzien, E., Altman, D., Blendon, R.J., & Benson, J.M. (2006). Experiences of Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston shelters: Implications for future planning. American Journal of Public Health, 96(8), 1402 -- 1408.

Chermack, T.J. (2005). Studying scenario planning: Theory, research suggestions and hypotheses. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 72(1), 59-73.

Courtney, H. (2003). Decision driven scenarios for assessing four levels of uncertainty. Strategy and Leadership,

31(1), 14-22.

FEARNE, a. And HUGHES, D., (1999). Success factors in the fresh produce supply chain: insights from the UK. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 4(3), pp. 120 -- 131.

Ford, D.N., & Sterman, J.D. (1998). Expert knowledge elicitation to improve formal and mental models. Systems Dynamics Review, 14(4), 309-340.

Gettleman, J. (2007). Despite aid, malnutrition in Darfur rises. New York Times, Retrieved December 29, 2007

Hamm, M.W., & Bellows, a.C. (2003). Community food security and nutrition educators. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 35(1), 37 -- 43.

KLEINDORFER, P.R. And SAAD, G.H., (2005). Managing disruption risks in supply chains. Production and Operations Management, 14(1), pp. 53-68.

PECK, H., (2006_. Resilience in the Food Chain: A Study of Business Continuity Management in the Food and Drink Industry. Final Report to the Dep.for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Dep.of

Defence Management & Security Analysis, Cranfield University, Shrivenham,, pp. 1 -- 193.

PIDGEON, N., HOOD, C., JONES, D., TURNER, B. And GIBSON, R., (1992). Risk: analysis, perception and management. Report of a Royal Society Study Group London,, pp. 134.

Porter, M.E. (1985). Competitive advantage. New York: Free Press

Ringland, G. (1998) Scenario Planning: Managing for the Future, Wiley, Chichester.

Rummler, G.A., & Brache, a.P. (1995). Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc.

Sevaguru.,N, Safa.,MS (2005)Scenario Planning Approach to Strategic Management of Small Travel Business in Malaysia. International Journal of Management and Entreprenuership, 1(1):65-81, 2005

Schwartz, P. (1991). The art of the long view. New York: Doubleday

Shoemaker, P. (1995). Scenario planning: A tool for strategic thinking. Sloan Management Review 37 (2), 25-40.

Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm.

Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter Special Issue), 27-43.

von Hippel, E. (1998). Economics of product development by users: The impact of sticky local information.

Management Science, 44(5),…